in

Gaps and opportunities in nitrogen pollution policies around the world

  • 1.

    Fowler, D. et al. Effects of global change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 13849–13893 (2015).

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • 2.

    Sutton, M. et al. in Frontiers 2018/19: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern (ed. UNEP) Ch. 4 (UNEP, 2019).

  • 3.

    Galloway, J. N. et al. The nitrogen cascade. BioScience 53, 341–356 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 4.

    Lade, S. J. et al. Human impacts on planetary boundaries amplified by Earth system interactions. Nat. Sustain 3, 119–128 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 5.

    Steffen, W. et al. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347, 1259855 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 6.

    Davidson, E. A. & Kanter, D. Inventories and scenarios of nitrous oxide emissions. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 105012 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 7.

    Sustainable Nitrogen Management Resolution UNEA/EA.4/L.16 (United Nations Environment Assembly, 2019).

  • 8.

    Colombo Declaration on Sustainable Nitrogen Management. United Nations Global Campaign on Sustainable Nitrogen Management (United Nations, 2019).

  • 9.

    Sutton, M. A. et al. The European Nitrogen Assessment (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011).

  • 10.

    Tomich, T. P., Brodt, S. B., Dahlgren, R. A. & Scow, K. M. (eds) The California Nitrogen Assessment: Challenges and Solutions for People, Agriculture, and the Environment (Univ. of California Press, 2016).

  • 11.

    Abrol, Y. P. et al. The Indian Nitrogen Assessment: Sources of Reactive Nitrogen, Environmental and Climate Effects, Management Options and Policies (Elsevier, 2017).

  • 12.

    Kanter, D. R. & Brownlie, W. J. Joint nitrogen and phosphorus management for sustainable development and climate goals. Environ. Sci. Policy 92, 1–8 (2019).

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • 13.

    Policies Database (International Energy Agency, 2019); https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-model/policies-database

  • 14.

    Climate Policy Database (NewClimate Institute, 2015); http://climatepolicydatabase.org/index.php/Climate_Policy_Database

  • 15.

    Department of Environmental Affairs National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (Republic of Botswana, 2016).

  • 16.

    Terms and Procedure for Registration of Inorganic Fertilizer Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of RI Number 43/Permentan/SR.140/8/2011 (Republic of Indonesia, 2011).

  • 17.

    Sobota, D. J., Compton, J. E., McCrackin, M. L. & Singh, S. Cost of reactive nitrogen release from human activities to the environment in the United States. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 025006 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 18.

    Kanter, D. R. Nitrogen pollution: a key building block for addressing climate change. Clim. Change 147, 11–21 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 19.

    Velthof, G. L. et al. The impact of the nitrates directive on nitrogen emissions from agriculture in the EU-27 during 2000–2008. Sci. Total Environ. 468, 1225–1233 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 20.

    Aillery, M. et al. Managing Manure to Improve Air and Water Quality Economic Research Report 9 (USDA Economic Research Service, 2005).

  • 21.

    Xepapadeas, A. The economics of non-point-source pollution. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 3, 355–373 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 22.

    Drawing Down N 2O to Protect Climate and the Ozone Layer: A UNEP Synthesis Report (UNEP, 2013).

  • 23.

    Global Non-CO 2Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections & Mitigation: 2015–2050 (EPA, 2019).

  • 24.

    Robertson, G. P. et al. Nitrogen–climate interactions in US agriculture. Biogeochemistry 114, 41–70 (2013).

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • 25.

    Kanter, D. R. et al. A framework for nitrogen futures in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Glob. Environ. Change 61, 102029 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 26.

    Rao, S. et al. Future air pollution in the Shared Socio-economic Pathways. Glob. Environ. Change 42, 346–358 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 27.

    Food and Agriculture (OECD, 2012).

  • 28.

    USDA Agricultural Projections to 2022 (USDA, 2013).

  • 29.

    Nemet, G. F., Holloway, T. & Meier, P. Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking. Environ. Res. Lett. 5, 014007 (2010).

  • 30.

    Senet, S. First European agreement on recycled fertilisers. EURACTIV (19 December 2018); https://go.nature.com/31bKSH3

  • 31.

    Erisman, J. W., Bleeker, A. & van Jaarsveld, J. A. Evaluation of ammonia emission abatement on the basis of measurements and model calculations. Environ. Pollut. 102, 269–274 (1998).

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • 32.

    Oenema, O. et al. Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE): An Indicator for the Utilisation of Nitrogen in Agriculture and Food Systems (Wageningen Univ., 2015).

  • 33.

    Coggan, A., Whitten, S. M. & Bennett, J. Influences of transaction costs in environmental policy. Ecol. Econ. 69, 1777–1784 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 34.

    Oenema, O. et al. in The European Nitrogen Assessment (eds Sutton, M. A. et al.) Ch. 4 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011).

  • 35.

    Kanter, D. R. & Searchinger, T. D. A technology-forcing approach to reduce nitrogen pollution. Nat. Sustain. 1, 544–552 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 36.

    Stuart, D., Schewe, R. L. & McDermott, M. Reducing nitrogen fertilizer application as a climate change mitigation strategy: understanding farmer decision-making and potential barriers to change in the US. Land Use Policy 36, 210–218 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 37.

    Reimer, A. P., Denny, R. C. H. & Stuart, D. The impact of federal and state conservation programs on farmer nitrogen management. Environ. Manage. 62, 694–708 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 38.

    Kanter, D. R. et al. Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm. Nat. Food 1, 27–32 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 39.

    Booth, S. Analysis of Existing Environmental Policy Databases (UNEP, 2017).

  • 40.

    Sutton, M. A. et al. Our Nutrient World: The Challenge to Produce More Food and Energy with Less Pollution. Global Overview of Nutrient Management (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh on behalf of the Global Partnership on Nutrient Management and the International Nitrogen Initiative, 2013).


  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    Progressive nitrogen limitation across the Tibetan alpine permafrost region

    Behavioural responses of white sharks to specific baits during cage diving ecotourism