Gómez-Robles, A. Dental evolutionary rates and its implications for the Neanderthal–modern human divergence. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw1268 (2019).
Higham, T. et al. The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512, 306–309 (2014).
Wenzel, S. Neanderthal presence and behaviour in central and Northwestern Europe during MIS. In Developments in Quaternary Sciences Vol. 7 (eds Sirocko, F. et al.) 173–193 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007).
Sørensen, B. Demography and the extinction of European Neanderthals. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 30, 17–29 (2011).
Salazar-García, D. C. et al. Neanderthal diets in central and southeastern Mediterranean Iberia. Quat. Int. 318, 3–18 (2013).
Wißing, C. et al. Isotopic evidence for dietary ecology of late Neandertals in North-Western Europe. Quat. Int. 411, 327–345 (2016).
Nielsen, T. K. et al. Investigating Neanderthal dispersal above 55°N in Europe during the Last Interglacial Complex. Quat. Int. 431, 88–103 (2017).
Nicholson, C. M. Eemian paleoclimate zones and Neanderthal landscape-use: a GIS model of settlement patterning during the last interglacial. Quat. Int. 438, 144–157 (2017).
Rhodes, S. E., Starkovich, B. M. & Conard, N. J. Did climate determine Late Pleistocene settlement dynamics in the Ach Valley, SW Germany?. PLoS ONE 14, e0215172 (2019).
Defleur, A. R. & Desclaux, E. Impact of the last interglacial climate change on ecosystems and Neanderthals behavior at Baume Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France. J. Archaeol. Sci. 104, 114–124 (2019).
Hovers, E. Territorial Behavior in the Middle Paleolithic of the Southern Levant. In: Settlement dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, Conard, N. J., editor. Kerns Verlag T¨ubingen; 123–152 (2001).
Shea, J. J. Neandertals, competition, and the origin of modern human behavior in the Levant. Evol. Anthropol. 12, 173–187 (2003).
Been, E. et al. The first Neanderthal remains from an open-air Middle Palaeolithic site in the Levant. Sci. Rep. 7, 2958 (2017).
Vahdati Nasab, H., Clark, G. A. & Torkamandi, S. Late Pleistocene dispersal corridors across the Iranian Plateau: a case study from Mirak, a Middle Paleolithic site on the Northern Edge of the Iranian Central Desert (Dasht-e Kavir). Quat. Int. 300, 267–281 (2013).
Heydari-Guran, S. Palaeolithic Landscapes of Iran. BAR International Series, 2568 (2014).
Bazgir, B. et al. Understanding the emergence of modern humans and the disappearance of Neanderthals: Insights from Kaldar Cave (Khorramabad Valley, Western Iran). Sci. Rep. 7, 43460 (2017).
Smith, P. E. L. Paleolithic Archaeology in Iran (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1986).
Heydari-Guran, S. & Ghasidian, E. The MUP Zagros Project: tracking the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Kermanshah region, West-Central Zagros, Iran. Antiquity 91, 1–7 (2017).
Heydari-Guran, S. & Ghasidian, E. Late Pleistocene hominin settlement patterns and population dynamics in the Zagros Mountains: Kermanshah region. Archaeol. Res. Asia 21, 100161 (2020).
Varela, S., Lobo, J. M. & Hortal, J. Using species distribution models in paleobiogeography: a matter of data, predictors and concepts. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 310, 451–463 (2011).
Svenning, J. C., Fløjgaard, C., Marske, K. A., Nógues-Bravo, D. & Normand, S. Applications of species distribution modeling to paleobiology. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 2930–2947 (2011).
Guisan, A., Thuiller, W. & Zimmermann, N. E. Habitat Suitability and Distribution Models: With Applications in R (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017).
Araújo, M. B. et al. Standards for distribution models in biodiversity assessments. Sci. Adv. 5, eaat858 (2019).
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965–1978 (2005).
Warren, D. L., Glor, R. E. & Turelli, M. ENMTools: a toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models. Ecography 33, 607–611 (2010).
Banks, W. E. et al. Neanderthal extinction by competitive exclusion. PLoS ONE 3, e3972 (2008).
Franklin, J., Potts, A. J., Fisher, E. C., Cowling, R. M. & Marean, C. M. Paleodistribution modeling in archaeology and paleoanthropology. Quat. Sci. Rev. 110, 1–14 (2015).
Benito, B. M. et al. The ecological niche and distribution of Neanderthals during the Last Interglacial. J. Biogeogr. 44, 51–61 (2017).
Giampoudakis, K. et al. Niche dynamics of Palaeolithic modern humans during the settlement of the Palaearctic. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 26, 359–370 (2017).
Marean, C. W. A critique of the evidence for scavenging by Neandertals and early modern humans: new data from Kobeh Cave (Zagros Mountains, Iran) and Die Kelders Cave 1 layer 10 (South Africa). J. Hum. Evol. 35, 111–136 (1998).
Marean, C. W. & Kim, S. Y. Mousterian large-mammal remains from Kobeh Cave: behavioural implications for Neanderthals and early modern humans. Curr. Anthropol. 39, S79–S114 (1998).
Mashkour, M. et al. Carnivores and their prey in the Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah, Iran): a Late Pleistocene refuge in the Zagros. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 19, 678–694 (2009).
Biglari, F. et al. Qaleh Bozi, new evidence of late middle paleolithic occupation in the Zayandeh-Rud Basin, Esfahan Province. Archaeol. Res. Iran 7, 7–26 (2015).
Pearson, R. G. & Dawson, T. P. Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful?. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 12, 361–371 (2003).
Melchionna, M. et al. Fragmentation of Neanderthals’ pre-extinction distribution by climate change. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 496, 146–154 (2018).
Hole, F. & Flannery, K. V. The prehistory of Southwestern Iran: a preliminary report. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 22, 147–206 (1967).
Roustaei, K. et al. Recent paleolithic surveys in Lurestan. Curr. Anthropol. 45, 692–707 (2004).
Diedrich, C. Ice age spotted hyenas as Neanderthal exhumers and scavengers in Europe. Chronicles Sci. 1, 1–34 (2014).
Banks, W. E. The application of ecological niche modeling methods to archaeological data in order to examine culture-environment relationships and cultural trajectories. Quaternaire 28, 271–276 (2017).
Banks, W. E. et al. Eco-cultural niches of the Badegoulian: unraveling links between cultural adaptation and ecology during the Last Glacial Maximum in France. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 30, 359–374 (2011).
King, T. et al. Azokh cave hominin remains. In Azokh cave and the transcaucasian corridor, vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology (eds Fernndez-Jalvo, Y. et al.) 103–106 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2016).
Solecki, R. S. Prehistory in Shanidar valley, Northern Iraq. Science 139, 179–193 (1963).
Pomeroy, E. et al. Newly-discovered Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan, and their attribution to Shanidar 5. J. Hum. Evol. 111, 102–118 (2017).
Zanolli, C. et al. A Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar. J. Hum. Evol. 135, 102643 (2019).
Coon, C. S. The seven caves. In: Archaeological Exploration in the Middle East. (Alfred Knopf, 1975).
Biglari, F. & Heydari, S. Do-Ashkaft: a recent discovery Mousterian cave site in Kermanshah Plain, Iran. Antiquity 75, 487–488 (2001).
Conard, N. J., Ghasidian, E. & Heydari, S. The paleolithic of Iran. In Ancient Iran (ed. Potts, D. T.) 29–48 (Oxford Press, Oxford, 2013).
Power, R. C. Neanderthals and their diet. In eLS (Wiley, 2019).
Perkins, D. Prehistoric fauna from Shanidar, Iraq. Science 144, 1565–1566 (1964).
Turnbull, P. F. The mammalian fauna of Warwasi rock shelter, west-central Iran. Fieldiana Geol. 33, 141–155 (1975).
Hesse, B. Paleolithic Faunal Remains from Ghar-I-Khar, Western Iran (University of Alabama Press, Alabama, 1989).
Karami, M., Ghadirian, T. & Faizolahi, K. The Atlas of the Mammals of Iran (Jahad Daneshgahi Press, Tehran, 2016).
Naderi, S. Evolutionary history of wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and the goat (C. hircus) based on the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA polymorphism: Implications for conservation and for the origin of the domestication. Ecology, Environment. Grenoble: Université Joseph-Fourier – Grenoble I (2007).
Yusefi, G. H., Faizolahi, K., Darvish, J., Safi, K. & Brito, J. C. The species diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the terrestrial mammals of Iran. J. Mammal. 100, 55–71 (2019).
Hijmans, R. J. Raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. R package, (2015).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria, 2017).
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A. & Guevara, E. Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4. Available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org on 15 April 2015 (2008).
Quinn, G. P. & Keough, M. J. Experimental Designs and Data Analysis for Biologists (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002).
Naimi, B. Uncertainty Analysis for Species Distribution Models. R package version 1.1–15 (2015).
Araújo, M. B. & New, M. Ensemble forecasting of species distributions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 42–47 (2007).
McCullagh, P. & Nelder, J. A. Generalized Linear Models (Chapman and Hall, London, 1989).
Hastie, T. J. & Tibshirani, R. Generalized Additive Models (Chapman and Hall, London, 1990).
Ridgeway, G. The state of boosting. J. Comput. Sci. 31, 172–181 (1999).
Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P. & Schapire, R. E. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol. Model. 190, 231–259 (2006).
Breiman, L. Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5–32 (2001).
Fielding, A. H. & Bell, J. F. A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence/absence models. Environ. Conserv. 24, 38–49 (1997).
Boyce, M. S., Vernier, P. R., Nielsen, S. E. & Schmiegelow, F. K. A. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecol. Model. 157, 281–300 (2002).
Le Hirzel, A. H., Lay, G., Helfer, V., Randin, C. & Guisan, A. Evaluating the ability of habitat suitability models to predict species presences. Ecol. Model. 199, 142–152 (2006).
Swets, J. A. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science 240, 1285–1293 (1988).
Schoener, T. W. Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex fauna. Ecology 49, 704–726 (1968).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
