Watling, L., France, S. C., Pante, E. & Simpson, A. Biology of Deep-Water Octocorals. Advances in Marine Biology Vol. 60 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2011).
Sánchez, J. A. Diversity and Evolution of Octocoral Animal Forests at Both Sides of Tropical America. in Marine Animal Forests (ed. Rossi, S., Bramanti, L., Gori, A., & Orejas, C) 1–33 (Springer, 2016).
Rossi, S., Bramanti, L., Gori, A. and Orejas, C. Marine animal forests: the ecology of benthic biodiversity hotspots. 1-1366. (Springer International Publishing, 2017)
Cairns, S. D. Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Gorgonacea: Primnoidae). Part 8: New records of Primnoidae from the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington120(2), 243–263 (2007).
Freiwald, A. and Roberts, J.M. Cold-water corals and ecosystems. (Springer, 2005)
Buhl-Mortensen, L. & Buhl-Mortensen, P. Cold Temperate Coral Habitats. in Corals in a Changing World (2018).
Braga-Henriques, A. et al. Diversity, distribution and spatial structure of the cold-water coral fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic). Biogeosciences 10, 4009–4036 (2013).
Google Scholar
Íris, S., Andre, F., Filipe, M. P., Gui, M. & Marina, C.-S. Census of Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of the Azores (NE Atlantic) with a nomenclature update. Zootaxa 4550, 451 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tempera, F. et al. Mapping condor seamount seafloor environment and associated biological assemblages (Azores, NE Atlantic). Seafloor Geomorphol. Benthic Habitat https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00059-1 (2012).
Google Scholar
Andrews, A., Stone, R., Lundstrom, C. & DeVogelaere, A. Growth rate and age determination of bamboo corals from the northeastern Pacific Ocean using refined 210Pb dating. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 397, 173–185 (2009).
Google Scholar
Neves, B. D. M., Edinger, E., Layne, G. D. & Wareham, V. E. Decadal longevity and slow growth rates in the deep-water sea pen Halipteris finmarchica (Sars, 1851) (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea): implications for vulnerability and recovery from anthropogenic disturbance. Hydrobiologia 759, 147–170 (2015).
Google Scholar
FAO. International guidelines for the management of deep-sea fisheries in the High Seas. (2009).
OSPAR. Background document for coral gardens, Biodiversity Series, Publication Number: 15486/2010. (2010).
Kim, K. & Lasker, H. R. Allometry of resource capture in colonial cnidarians and constraints on modular growth. Funct. Ecol. 12, 646–654 (1998).
Google Scholar
Gori, A. et al. Effects of food availability on the sexual reproduction and biochemical composition of the Mediterranean gorgonian Paramuricea clavata. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 444, 38–45 (2013).
Google Scholar
Coma, R. & Ribes, M. Seasonal energetic constraints in Mediterranean benthic suspension feeders: effects at different levels of ecological organization. Oikos 101, 205–215 (2003).
Google Scholar
Nisbet, R. M., Muller, E. B., Lika, K. & Kooijman, S. A. L. M. From molecules to ecosystems through dynamic energy budget models. J. Anim. Ecol. 69, 913–926 (2008).
Google Scholar
Sebens, K., Sarà, G. & Nishizaki, M. Energetics, Particle Capture, and Growth Dynamics of Benthic Suspension Feeders. in Marine Animal Forests 813–854 (Springer, 2017).
Ribes, M., Coma, R. & Gili, J. M. Heterogeneous feeding in benthic suspension feeders: The natural diet and grazing rate of the temperate gorgonian Paramuricea clavata (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) over a year cycle. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 183, 125–137 (1999).
Google Scholar
Orejas, C., Gili, J. M. & Arntz, W. Role of small-plankton communities in the diet of two Antarctic octocorals (Primnoisis antarctica and Primnoella sp.). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 250, 105–116 (2003).
Google Scholar
Ribes, M., Coma, R. & Rossi, S. Natural feeding of the temperate asymbiotic octocoral-gorgonian Leptogorgia sarmentosa (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 254, 141–150 (2003).
Google Scholar
Cocito, S. et al. Nutrient acquisition in four Mediterranean gorgonian species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 473, 179–188 (2013).
Google Scholar
Leal, M. C. et al. Temporal changes in the trophic ecology of the asymbiotic gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata. Mar. Biol. 161, 2191–2197 (2014).
Google Scholar
Fabricius, K. E., Benayahu, Y. & Genin, A. Herbivory in Asymbiotic Soft Corals. Science (80-) 268, 90–92 (1995).
Google Scholar
Rossi, S., Ribes, M., Coma, R. & Gili, J. M. Temporal variability in Zooplankton prey capture rate of the passive suspension feeder Leptogorgia sarmentosa (Cnidaria: Octocorallia), a case study. Mar. Biol. 144, 89–99 (2004).
Google Scholar
Coma, R., Llorente-Llurba, E., Serrano, E., Gili, J. M. & Ribes, M. Natural heterotrophic feeding by a temperate octocoral with symbiotic zooxanthellae: a contribution to understanding the mechanisms of die-off events. Coral Reefs 34, 549–560 (2015).
Google Scholar
Orejas, C., Gili, J., López-González, P. & Arntz, W. Feeding strategies and diet composition of four Antarctic cnidarian species. Polar Biol. 24, 620–627 (2001).
Google Scholar
Sherwood, O. A., Jamieson, R. E., Edinger, E. N. & Wareham, V. E. Stable C and N isotopic composition of cold-water corals from the Newfoundland and Labrador continental slope: Examination of trophic, depth and spatial effects . Deep. Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 55, 1392–1402 (2008).
Google Scholar
Kiriakoulakis, K. et al. Lipids and nitrogen isotopes of two deep-water corals from the North-East Atlantic: initial results and implications for their nutrition. in Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems 715–729 (Springer, 2005).
Naumann, M. S., Tolosa, I., Taviani, M., Grover, R. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. Trophic ecology of two cold-water coral species from the Mediterranean Sea revealed by lipid biomarkers and compound-specific isotope analyses. Coral Reefs 34, 1165–1175 (2015).
Google Scholar
Naumann, M. S., Orejas, C., Wild, C. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. First evidence for zooplankton feeding sustaining key physiological processes in a scleractinian cold-water coral. J. Exp. Biol. 214, 3570–3576 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sherwood, O. et al. Stable isotopic composition of deep-sea gorgonian corals Primnoa spp.: a new archive of surface processes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 301, 135–148 (2005).
Google Scholar
Imbs, A. B., Demidkova, D. A. & Dautova, T. N. Lipids and fatty acids of cold-water soft corals and hydrocorals: a comparison with tropical species and implications for coral nutrition. Mar. Biol. 163, 202 (2016).
Google Scholar
Salvo, F., Hamoutene, D., Hayes, V. E. W., Edinger, E. N. & Parrish, C. C. Investigation of trophic ecology in Newfoundland cold-water deep-sea corals using lipid class and fatty acid analyses. Coral Reefs 37, 157–171 (2018).
Google Scholar
Davies, A. J. et al. Downwelling and deep-water bottom currents as food supply mechanisms to the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) at the Mingulay Reef Complex. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54, 620–629 (2009).
Google Scholar
Agusti, S. et al. Ubiquitous healthy diatoms in the deep sea confirm deep carbon injection by the biological pump. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–8 (2015).
Google Scholar
Fabricius, K. E., Genin, A. & Benayahu, Y. Flow-dependent herbivory and growth in zoxanthellae-free soft corals. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 1290–1301 (1995).
Google Scholar
Widdig, A. & Schlichter, D. Phytoplankton: a significant trophic source for soft corals?. Helgol. Mar. Res. 55, 198–211 (2001).
Google Scholar
Colaço, A., Giacomello, E., Porteiro, F. & Menezes, G. M. Trophodynamic studies on the Condor seamount (Azores, Portugal, North Atlantic) . Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 98, 178–189 (2013).
Google Scholar
Addamo, A. M. et al. Merging scleractinian genera: the overwhelming genetic similarity between solitary Desmophyllum and colonial Lophelia. BMC Evol. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0654-8 (2016).
Google Scholar
Mueller, C. E., Larsson, A. I., Veuger, B., Middelburg, J. J. & van Oevelen, D. Opportunistic feeding on various organic food sources by the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. Biogeosciences 11, 123–133 (2014).
Google Scholar
Roushdy, H. & Hansen, V. Filtration of phytoplankton by the octocoral Alcyonium digitatum. Nature 190, 649–650 (1961).
Google Scholar
Sorokin, Y. Biomass, metabolic rates and feeding of some common reef zoantharians and octocorals. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Resour. 42, 729–741 (1991).
Google Scholar
Seemann, J. The use of 13C and 15N isotope labeling techniques to assess heterotrophy of corals. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 442, 88–95 (2013).
Google Scholar
Orejas, C. et al. The effect of flow speed and food size on the capture efficiency and feeding behaviour of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 481, 34–40 (2016).
Google Scholar
Carmo, V. et al. Variability of zooplankton communities at Condor seamount and surrounding areas, Azores (NE Atlantic) . Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 98, 63–74 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gori, A., Grover, R., Orejas, C., Sikorski, S. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. Uptake of dissolved free amino acids by four cold-water coral species from the Mediterranean Sea . Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 99, 42–50 (2014).
Google Scholar
Sweetman, A. K. et al. Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems. Elementa Science of the Anthropocene vol. 5 (2017).
Migné, A. & Davoult, D. Experimental nutrition in the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum (Cnidaria: Octocorallia): Removal rate of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Cah. Biol. Mar. 43, 9–16 (2002).
Sebens, K. P. & Koehl, M. A. R. Predation on zooplankton by the benthic anthozoans Alcyonium siderium (Alcyonacea) and Metridium senile (Actiniaria) in the New England subtidal. Mar. Biol. 81, 255–271 (1984).
Google Scholar
Gili, J.-M., Coma, R., Orejas, C., López-González, P. & Zabala, M. Are Antarctic suspension-feeding communities different from those elsewhere in the world?. Polar Biol. 24, 473–485 (2001).
Google Scholar
Rossi, S. et al. Temporal variation in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid concentrations in Paramuricea clavata (Anthozoa, Octocorallia): evidence for summer-autumn feeding constraints. Mar. Biol. 149, 643–651 (2006).
Google Scholar
Coma, R., Ribes, M., Gili, J.-M. & Zabala, M. Seasonality in coastal benthic ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 448–453 (2000).
Google Scholar
Bythell, J. C. & Wild, C. Biology and ecology of coral mucus release. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 408, 88–93 (2011).
Google Scholar
Brooke, S., Holmes, M. & Young, C. Sediment tolerance of two different morphotypes of the deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa from the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 390, 137–144 (2009).
Google Scholar
Larsson, A. I., van Oevelen, D., Purser, A. & Thomsen, L. Tolerance to long-term exposure of suspended benthic sediments and drill cuttings in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 70, 176–188 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ragnarsson, S. Á. et al. The impact of anthropogenic activity on cold-water corals. in Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots 989–1023 (Springer International Publishing, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21012-4_27.
Rix, L. et al. Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and cold-water coral reef ecosystems. Sci. Rep. 6, 18715 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lampert, W. Release of dissolved organic carbon by grazing zooplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23, 831–834 (1978).
Google Scholar
Moller, E. F. Sloppy feeding in marine copepods: prey-size-dependent production of dissolved organic carbon. J. Plankton Res. 27, 27–35 (2004).
Google Scholar
Burton, T., Killen, S. S., Armstrong, J. D. & Metcalfe, N. B. What causes intraspecific variation in resting metabolic rate and what are its ecological consequences?. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 278, 3465–3473 (2011).
Google Scholar
Burgess, S. C. et al. Metabolic scaling in modular animals. Invertebr. Biol. 136, 456–472 (2017).
Google Scholar
Maier, S. R. et al. Survival under conditions of variable food availability: Resource utilization and storage in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 64, 1651–1671 (2019).
Google Scholar
Okie, J. G. et al. Niche and metabolic principles explain patterns of diversity and distribution: theory and a case study with soil bacterial communities. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20142630 (2015).
Google Scholar
van Oevelen, D. et al. The cold-water coral community as hotspot of carbon cycling on continental margins: a food-web analysis from Rockall Bank (northeast Atlantic). Limnol. Oceanogr. 54, 1829–1844 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cathalot, C. et al. Cold-water coral reefs and adjacent sponge grounds: hotspots of benthic respiration and organic carbon cycling in the deep sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 2, 37 (2015).
Google Scholar
Coppari, M., Zanella, C. & Rossi, S. The importance of coastal gorgonians in the blue carbon budget. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–12 (2019).
Google Scholar
Moller, E. F. & Nielsen, T. G. Production of bacterial substrate by marine copepods: effect of phytoplankton biomass and cell size. J. Plankton Res. 23, 527–536 (2001).
Google Scholar
Titelman, J., Riemann, L., Holmfeldt, K. & Nilsen, T. Copepod feeding stimulates bacterioplankton activities in a low phosphorus system. Aquat. Biol. 2, 131–141 (2008).
Google Scholar
Violle, C. & Jiang, L. Towards a trait-based quantification of species niche. J. Plant Ecol. 2, 87–93 (2009).
Google Scholar
Yesson, C. et al. Global habitat suitability of cold-water octocorals. J. Biogeogr. 39, 1278–1292 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kearney, M., Simpson, S. J., Raubenheimer, D. & Helmuth, B. Modelling the ecological niche from functional traits. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365, 3469–3483 (2010).
Google Scholar
Violle, C. et al. Let the concept of trait be functional!. Oikos 116, 882–892 (2007).
Google Scholar
Evans, T. G., Diamond, S. E. & Kelly, M. W. Mechanistic species distribution modelling as a link between physiology and conservation. Conservation Physiology 3, cov056 (2015).
Google Scholar
Johnson, J. Y. Description of a new species of flexible coral belonging to the genus Juncella, obtained at Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 505–506 (1863).
Weinberg, S. & Grasshoff, M. Gorgonias. El Mar Mediterraneo. Fauna, Flora, Ecologia. II/1. Guia Sistematica y de Identificacion. (Ediciones Omega, 2003).
Carpine, C. & Grasshoff, M. Les gorgonaires de la Méditerranée. Bull. l’Institut Océanographique 1–140 (1975).
Brito, A. & Ocaña, O. Corales de las Islas Canarias. (2004).
Cau, A. et al. Deepwater corals biodiversity along roche du large ecosystems with different habitat complexity along the south Sardinia continental margin (CW Mediterranean Sea). Mar. Biol. 162, 1865–1878 (2015).
Google Scholar
Tempera, F. et al. Mapping the Condor seamount seafloor environment and associated biological assemblages (Azores, NE Atlantic). In Seafloor geomorphology as benthic habitat: geohab atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats (eds Harris, P. T. & Baker, E. K.) 807–818 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012).
Santos, M. et al. Phytoplankton variability and oceanographic conditions at Condor seamount, Azores (NE Atlantic) . Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 98, 52–62 (2013).
Google Scholar
Sorokin, Y. I. On the feeding of some scleractinian corals with bacteria and dissolved organic matter. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18, 380–386 (1973).
Google Scholar
Maier, S. R. et al. Survival under conditions of variable food availability: Resource utilization and storage in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. Limnol. Oceanogr. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11142 (2019).
Google Scholar
Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N. & Elphick, C. S. A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods Ecol. Evol. 1, 3–14 (2010).
Google Scholar
Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. A. & Smith, G. M. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R (Springer, New York , 2009).
Google Scholar
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & R Core Team. nlme: linear and Nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1–140. (2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
