Fendall, L. S. & Sewell, M. A. Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58, 1225–1228 (2009).
Google Scholar
Weinstein, J. E., Crocker, B. K. & Gray, A. D. From macroplastic to microplastic: Degradation of high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene in a salt marsh habitat. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 35, 1632–1640 (2016).
Google Scholar
Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson, R. C. & Aldridge, D. C. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res. 75, 63–82 (2015).
Google Scholar
Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S. & Regoli, F. Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: From emerging pollutants to emerged threat. Mar. Environ. Res. 128, 2–11 (2017).
Google Scholar
Lambert, S. & Wagner, M. Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater environments: an overview. Freshwater Microplastics, 1–23 (2018).
de Souza Machado, A. A., Kloas, W., Zarfl, C., Hempel, S. & Rillig, M. C. Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 1405–1416 (2018).
Google Scholar
Rist, S., Almroth, B. C., Hartmann, N. B. & Karlsson, T. M. A critical perspective on early communications concerning human health aspects of microplastics. Sci. Total Environ. 626, 720–726 (2018).
Google Scholar
Borrelle, S. B. et al. Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science 369, 1515–1518 (2020).
Google Scholar
Anbumani, S. & Kakkar, P. Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on biota: A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 14373–14396 (2018).
Google Scholar
Horton, A. A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D. J., Lahive, E. & Svendsen, C. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci. Total Environ. 586, 127–141 (2017).
Google Scholar
Foley, C. J., Feiner, Z. S., Malinich, T. D. & Höök, T. O. A meta-analysis of the effects of exposure to microplastics on fish and aquatic invertebrates. Sci. Total Environ. 631, 550–559 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wong, J. K. H., Lee, K. K., Tang, K. H. D. & Yap, P.-S. Microplastics in the freshwater and terrestrial environments: Prevalence, fates, impacts and sustainable solutions. Sci. Total Environ. 719, 137512 (2020).
Google Scholar
Alimi, O. S., Farner Budarz, J., Hernandez, L. M. & Tufenkji, N. Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: Aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 1704–1724 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sokolova, I. M. Energy-limited tolerance to stress as a conceptual framework to integrate the effects of multiple stressors. Integr. Comp. Biol. 53, 597–608. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict028 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kirstein, I. V. et al. Dangerous hitchhikers? Evidence for potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. on microplastic particles. Mar. Environ. Res. 120, 1–8 (2016).
Google Scholar
Viršek, M. K., Lovšin, M. N., Koren, Š, Kržan, A. & Peterlin, M. Microplastics as a vector for the transport of the bacterial fish pathogen species Aeromonas salmonicida. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 125, 301–309 (2017).
Google Scholar
Reid, A. J. et al. Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12480 (2018).
Google Scholar
Berger, L. et al. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 9031–9036 (1998).
Google Scholar
Lips, K. R. Overview of chytrid emergence and impacts on amphibians. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 371, 20150465 (2016).
O’Hanlon, S. J. et al. Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines. Science 360, 621–627 (2018).
Google Scholar
Xie, G. Y., Olson, D. H. & Blaustein, A. R. Projecting the global distribution of the emerging amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, based on IPCC climate futures. PLoS One 11, e0160746 (2016).
Google Scholar
Walker, S. et al. Factors driving pathogenicity versus prevalence of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and chytridiomycosis in Iberia. Ecol. Lett. 13, 372–382 (2010).
Google Scholar
Hite, J. L., Bosch, J., Fernández-Beaskoetxea, S., Medina, D. & Hall, S. R. Joint effects of habitat, zooplankton, host stage structure and diversity on amphibian chytrid. Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20160832 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bosch, J., Carrascal, L. M., Duran, L., Walker, S. & Fisher, M. C. Climate change and outbreaks of amphibian chytridiomycosis in a montane area of Central Spain; Is there a link?. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 253–260 (2007).
Google Scholar
Parris, M. J. & Baud, D. R. Interactive effects of a heavy metal and chytridiomycosis on gray treefrog larvae (Hyla chrysoscelis). Copeia 2004, 344–350 (2004).
Bosch, J. et al. Increased tropospheric ozone levels enhance pathogen infection levels of amphibians. Sci. Total Environ. 759, 143461 (2021).
Google Scholar
Brown, J. R., Miiller, T. & Kerby, J. L. The interactive effect of an emerging infectious disease and an emerging contaminant on Woodhouse’s toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) tadpoles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32, 2003–2008 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hanlon, S. M. & Parris, M. J. The interactive effects of chytrid fungus, pesticides, and exposure timing on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) larvae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 33, 216–222 (2014).
Google Scholar
McMahon, T. A., Romansic, J. M. & Rohr, J. R. Nonmonotonic and monotonic effects of pesticides on the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in culture and on tadpoles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 7958–7964 (2013).
Google Scholar
Bosch, J., Martinez-Solano, I. & Garcia-Paris, M. Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain. Biol. Conserv. 97, 331–337 (2001).
Tobler, U. & Schmidt, B. R. Within-and among-population variation in chytridiomycosis-induced mortality in the toad Alytes obstetricans. PLoS One 5, e10927 (2010).
Google Scholar
Boyero, L. et al. Microplastics impair amphibian survival, body condition and function. Chemosphere 244, 125500 (2020).
Google Scholar
Fisher, M. C. & Garner, T. W. Chytrid fungi and global amphibian declines. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 18, 332–343 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kriger, K. M. & Hero, J. M. Altitudinal distribution of chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) infection in subtropical Australian frogs. Austral Ecol. 33, 1022–1032 (2008).
Kriger, K. M., Pereoglou, F. & Hero, J. M. Latitudinal variation in the prevalence and intensity of chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) infection in eastern Australia. Conserv. Biol. 21, 1280–1290 (2007).
Google Scholar
Garner, T. W., Rowcliffe, J. M. & Fisher, M. C. Climate change, chytridiomycosis or condition: An experimental test of amphibian survival. Glob. Change Biol. 17, 667–675 (2011).
Google Scholar
Raffel, T. R., Halstead, N. T., McMahon, T. A., Davis, A. K. & Rohr, J. R. Temperature variability and moisture synergistically interact to exacerbate an epizootic disease. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20142039 (2015).
Google Scholar
Clare, F. C. et al. Climate forcing of an emerging pathogenic fungus across a montane multi-host community. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 371, 20150454 (2016).
Ortiz-Santaliestra, M. E., Fisher, M. C., Fernández-Beaskoetxea, S., Fernández-Benéitez, M. J. & Bosch, J. Ambient ultraviolet B radiation and prevalence of infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in two amphibian species. Conserv. Biol. 25, 975–982 (2011).
Google Scholar
Rohr, J. R. et al. Early-life exposure to a herbicide has enduring effects on pathogen-induced mortality. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20140629 (2014).
Google Scholar
Hanlon, S. M., Lynch, K. J., Kerby, J. & Parris, M. J. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis exposure effects on foraging efficiencies and body size in anuran tadpoles. Dis. Aquat. Org. 112, 237–242 (2015).
Wright, S. L., Thompson, R. C. & Galloway, T. S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review. Environ. Pollut. 178, 483–492 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gabor, C. R., Bosch, J., Fries, J. N. & Davis, D. R. A non-invasive water-borne hormone assay for amphibians. Amphibia-Reptilia 34, 151–162 (2013).
Ortiz-Santaliestra, M. E., Marco, A., Fernández, M. J. & Lizana, M. Influence of developmental stage on sensitivity to ammonium nitrate of aquatic stages of amphibians. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25, 105–111 (2006).
Google Scholar
Jackson, M. C., Loewen, C. J., Vinebrooke, R. D. & Chimimba, C. T. Net effects of multiple stressors in freshwater ecosystems: A meta-analysis. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 180–189 (2016).
Google Scholar
Buck, J. C., Truong, L. & Blaustein, A. R. Predation by zooplankton on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis: Biological control of the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus?. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 3549–3553 (2011).
Medina, D., Garner, T. W., Carrascal, L. M. & Bosch, J. Delayed metamorphosis of amphibian larvae facilitates Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis transmission and persistence. Dis. Aquat. Org. 117, 85–92 (2015).
Boyle, A. H. D. et al. Diagnostic assays and sampling protocols for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Dis. Aquat. Org. 73, 175–192 (2007).
Hu, L. et al. Uptake, accumulation and elimination of polystyrene microspheres in tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis. Chemosphere 164, 611–617 (2016).
Google Scholar
Boyle, D. G., Boyle, D., Olsen, V., Morgan, J. & Hyatt, A. Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay. Dis. Aquat. Org. 60, 141–148 (2004).
Google Scholar
Peig, J. & Green, A. J. New perspectives for estimating body condition from mass/length data: The scaled mass index as an alternative method. Oikos 118, 1883–1891 (2009).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
