Angel, M. V. Biodiversity of the Pelagic Ocean. Conserv. Biol. 7, 760–772 (1993).
Google Scholar
Irigoien, X. et al. Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nat. Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4271 (2014).
Google Scholar
Hays, G. C. A review of the adaptive significance and ecosystem consequences of zooplankton diel vertical migrations. Hydrobiology 503, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008476.23617.b0 (2003).
Google Scholar
Klevjer, T. A. et al. Large scale patterns in vertical distribution and behaviour of mesopelagic scattering layers. Sci. Rep. 6, 19873. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19873 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hammerschlag, N., Gallagher, A. J. & Lazarre, D. M. A review of shark satellite tagging studies. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 398, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.12.012 (2011).
Google Scholar
Dulvy, N. K. et al. You can swim but you can’t hide: The global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Aquat. Conserv. 18, 459–482 (2008).
Google Scholar
Pacoureau, N. et al. Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays. Nature 589, 567–571. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9 (2021).
Google Scholar
Compagno, L. J. V. Pelagic elasmobranch diversity. In Sharks of the Open Ocean, 14–23 (2008).
Howey, L. A. et al. Into the deep: The functionality of mesopelagic excursions by an oceanic apex predator. Ecol. Evol. 6, 5290–5304. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2260 (2016).
Google Scholar
Francis, M. P. et al. Oceanic nomad or coastal resident? Behavioural switching in the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Mar. Biol. 166, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-018-3453-5 (2018).
Google Scholar
Skomal, G. et al. Horizontal and vertical movement patterns and habitat use of juvenile porbeagles (Lamna nasus) in the western north Atlantic. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 16 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gaube, P. et al. Mesoscale eddies influence the movements of mature female white sharks in the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. Sci. Rep. 8, 7363. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25565-8 (2018).
Google Scholar
Coelho, R., Fernandez-Carvalho, J. & Santos, M. N. Habitat use and diel vertical migration of bigeye thresher shark: Overlap with pelagic longline fishing gear. Mar. Environ. Res. 112, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.10.009 (2015).
Google Scholar
Arostegui, M. C. et al. Vertical movements of a pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus): Insights into the species’ physiological limitations and trophic ecology in the Red Sea. Endanger. Species Res. 43, 387–394. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01079 (2020).
Google Scholar
Coffey, D. M., Carlisle, A. B., Hazen, E. L. & Block, B. A. Oceanographic drivers of the vertical distribution of a highly migratory, endothermic shark. Sci. Rep. 7, 10434. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11059-6 (2017).
Google Scholar
Coffey, D. M., Royer, M. A., Meyer, C. G. & Holland, K. N. Diel patterns in swimming behavior of a vertically migrating deepwater shark, the bluntnose sixgill (Hexanchus griseus). PLoS One 15, e0228253. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228253 (2020).
Google Scholar
Francis, M. P., Holdsworth, J. C. & Block, B. A. Life in the open ocean: Seasonal migration and diel diving behaviour of Southern Hemisphere porbeagle sharks (Lamna nasus). Mar. Biol. 162, 2305–2323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015-2756-z (2015).
Google Scholar
Jorgensen, S. J. et al. Eating or meeting? Cluster analysis reveals intricacies of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) migration and offshore behavior. PLoS One 7, e47819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047819 (2012).
Google Scholar
Nelson, D. R. et al. An acoustic tracking of a megamouth shark, Megachasma pelagios: A crepuscular vertical migrator. Environ. Biol. Fish. 49, 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007369619576 (1997).
Google Scholar
Sims, D. W., Southall, E. J., Tarling, G. A. & Metcalfe, J. D. Habitat-specific normal and reverse diel vertical migration in the plankton-feeding basking shark. J. Anim. Ecol. 74, 755–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00971.x (2005).
Google Scholar
Watanabe, Y. Y. & Papastamatiou, Y. P. Distribution, body size and biology of the megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios. J. Fish Biol. 95, 992–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14007 (2019).
Google Scholar
Braun, C. D., Skomal, G. B. & Thorrold, S. R. Integrating archival tag data and a high-resolution oceanographic model to estimate basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) movements in the Western Atlantic. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00025 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jorgensen, S. J. et al. Philopatry and migration of Pacific white sharks. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1155 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lipscombe, R. S. et al. Habitat use and movement patterns of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in eastern Australian waters. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 77, 3127–3137. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa212 (2020).
Google Scholar
Walker, T. I. et al. Galeorhinus galeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39352A2907336. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39352A2907336.en (2020). (Downloaded on 18 June 2021).
Chabot, C. L. Microsatellite loci confirm a lack of population connectivity among globally distributed populations of the tope shark Galeorhinus galeus (Triakidae). J. Fish Biol. 87, 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12727 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bester-van der Merwe, A. E. et al. Population genetics of Southern Hemisphere tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus): Intercontinental divergence and constrained gene flow at different geographical scales. PLoS One 12, e0184481. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184481 (2017).
Google Scholar
Stevens, J. D. Further results from a tagging study of pelagic sharks in the north-east Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 70, 707–720. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400058999 (1990).
Google Scholar
West, G. J. & Stevens, J. D. Archival tagging of school shark, Galeorhinus galeus, in Australia: Initial results. Environ. Biol. Fish. 60, 283–298 (2001).
Google Scholar
Thorburn, J. et al. Ontogenetic variation in movements and depth use, and evidence of partial migration in a Benthopelagic Elasmobranch. Front. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00353 (2019).
Google Scholar
McMillan, M. N., Huveneers, C., Semmens, J. M. & Gillanders, B. M. Partial female migration and cool-water migration pathways in an overfished shark. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 76, 1083–1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy181 (2019).
Google Scholar
Walker, T. Galeorhinus galeus fisheries of the World, in: Case studies of management of elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 378, 728–773 (1999).
Brown, L., Bridge, N. & Walker, T. Summary of tag releases and recaptures in the Southern Shark Fishery. Mar. Freshw. Resour. Inst. Rep. 16, 60 (2000).
Lucifora, L., Menni, R. & Escalante, A. Reproductive biology of the school shark, Galeorhinus galeus, off Argentina: Support for a single south western Atlantic population with synchronized migratory movements. Environ. Biol. Fish. 71, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-004-0305-6 (2004).
Google Scholar
Jaureguizar, A. J., Argemi, F., Trobbiani, G., Palma, E. D. & Irigoyen, A. J. Large-scale migration of a school shark, Galeorhinus galeus, in the Southwestern Atlantic. Neotrop. Ichthyol. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170050 (2018).
Google Scholar
Nosal, A. P. et al. Triennial migration and philopatry in the critically endangered soupfin shark Galeorhinus galeus. J. Appl. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13848 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cuevas, J., Garcia, M. & Di Giacomo, E. Diving behaviour of the critically endangered tope shark Galeorhinus galeus in the Natural Reserve of Bahia San Blas, northern Patagonia. Anim. Biotelemetry 2, 11 (2014).
Google Scholar
Iosilevskii, G., Papastamatiou, Y. P., Meyer, C. G. & Holland, K. N. Energetics of the yo-yo dives of predatory sharks. J. Theor. Biol. 294, 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.11.008 (2012).
Google Scholar
Carey, F. G., Scharold, J. V. & Kalmijn, A. J. Movements of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in depth and course. Mar. Biol. 106, 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01344309 (1990).
Google Scholar
Nakamura, I., Watanabe, Y. Y., Papastamatiou, Y. P., Sato, K. & Meyer, C. G. Yo-yo vertical movements suggest a foraging strategy for tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 424, 237–246 (2011).
Google Scholar
Thorrold, S. R. et al. Extreme diving behaviour in devil rays links surface waters and the deep ocean. Nat. Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5274 (2014).
Google Scholar
Braun, C. D., Gaube, P., Sinclair-Taylor, T. H., Skomal, G. B. & Thorrold, S. R. Mesoscale eddies release pelagic sharks from thermal constraints to foraging in the ocean twilight zone. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 116, 17187–17192. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903067116 (2019).
Google Scholar
Andrzejaczek, S., Gleiss, A. C., Pattiaratchi, C. B. & Meekan, M. G. Patterns and drivers of vertical movements of the large fishes of the epipelagic. Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. 29, 335–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-019-09555-1 (2019).
Google Scholar
Papastamatiou, Y. P. et al. Drivers of daily routines in an ectothermic marine predator: Hunt warm, rest warmer?. PLoS One 10, e0127807. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127807 (2015).
Google Scholar
Proud, R., Cox, M. J. & Brierley, A. S. Biogeography of the global ocean’s mesopelagic zone. Curr. Biol. 27, 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.003 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sutton, T. T. et al. A global biogeographic classification of the mesopelagic zone. Deep Sea Res. I(126), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.05.006 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ariza, A. et al. Vertical distribution, composition and migratory patterns of acoustic scattering layers in the Canary Islands. J. Mar. Syst. 157, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.01.004 (2016).
Google Scholar
Peña, M., Cabrera-Gámez, J. & Domínguez-Brito, A. C. Multi-frequency and light-avoiding characteristics of deep acoustic layers in the North Atlantic. Mar. Environ. Res. 154, 104842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104842 (2020).
Google Scholar
Peña, M. et al. Acoustic detection of mesopelagic fishes in scattering layers of the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 71, 1186–1197. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0331 (2014).
Google Scholar
Menkes, C. E. et al. Seasonal oceanography from physics to micronekton in the south-west Pacific. Deep Sea Res. II(113), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.026 (2015).
Google Scholar
Urmy, S. S. & Horne, J. K. Multi-scale responses of scattering layers to environmental variability in Monterey Bay, California. Deep Sea Res. I(113), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.04.004 (2016).
Google Scholar
Korneliussen, R. J. et al. Acoustic target classification. ICES Coop. Res. Rep. 344, 110. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.4567 (2018).
Google Scholar
D’Elia, M. et al. Diel variation in the vertical distribution of deep-water scattering layers in the Gulf of Mexico. Deep Sea Res. I(115), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.014 (2016).
Google Scholar
Scoulding, B., Chu, D., Ona, E. & Fernandes, P. G. Target strengths of two abundant mesopelagic fish species. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137, 989–1000. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4906177 (2015).
Google Scholar
Geoffroy, M. et al. Mesopelagic sound scattering layers of the high arctic: Seasonal variations in biomass, species assemblage, and trophic relationships. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364 (2019).
Google Scholar
Shea, E. K. & Vecchione, M. Ontogenic changes in diel vertical migration patterns compared with known allometric changes in three mesopelagic squid species suggest an expanded definition of a paralarva. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 67, 1436–1443. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq104 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lucifora, L. O., Garcia, V. B., Menni, R. C. & Escalante, A. H. Food habits, selectivity, and foraging modes of the school shark Galeorhinus galeus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 315, 259–270 (2006).
Google Scholar
Morato, T., Sola, E., Gros, M. P. & Menezes, G. Diets of thornback ray (Raja clavata) and tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus) in the bottom longline fishery of the Azores, northeastern Atlantic. Fish. Bull. 101, 590–602 (2003).
Ellis, J. R., Pawson, M. G. & Shackley, S. E. The comparative feeding ecology of six species of shark and four species of ray (Elasmobranchii) in the North-East Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 76, 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400029039 (1996).
Google Scholar
Clarke, M. R., Clarke, D. C., Martins, H. R. & Silva, H. M. The diet of blue shark (Prionace glauca) in Azorean waters, Arquipélago. Life Mar. Sci. 14A, 41–56 (1996).
Bond, M. E., Tolentino, E., Mangubhai, S. & Howey, L. A. Vertical and horizontal movements of a silvertip shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus) in the Fijian archipelago. Anim. Biotelemetry 3, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-015-0055-6 (2015).
Google Scholar
Saba, G. K. et al. Toward a better understanding of fish-based contribution to ocean carbon flux. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11709 (2021).
Google Scholar
Arkhipkin, A. I. Squid as nutrient vectors linking Southwest Atlantic marine ecosystems. Deep Sea Res. II(95), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.003 (2013).
Google Scholar
Bird, C. S. et al. A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0432-z (2018).
Google Scholar
Spaet, J. L. Y., Lam, C. H., Braun, C. D. & Berumen, M. L. Extensive use of mesopelagic waters by a Scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) in the Red Sea. Anim. Biotelemetry 5, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-017-0135-x (2017).
Google Scholar
ICES. Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes (WGEF). ICES Sci. Rep. 2, 789. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.7470 (2020).
Google Scholar
Murgier, J. et al. Rebound in functional distinctiveness following warming and reduced fishing in the North Sea. Proc. R. Soc. B 288, 20201600. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1600 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pastoors, M. A., van Helmond, E. B., van Marlen, B., van Overzee, H. & de Graaf, E. Pelagic pilot project discard ban, 2013–2014. (IMARES, Wageningen UR, Report Number C071/14) (2014).
Reynolds, R. W. et al. Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature. J. Clim. 20, 5473–5496. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1 (2007).
Google Scholar
NOAA National Geophysical Data Center. ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model. (NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 2009).
Pedersen, M. W., Patterson, T. A., Thygesen, U. H. & Madsen, H. Estimating animal behaviour and residency from movement data. Oikos 120, 1281–1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19044.x (2011).
Google Scholar
Bauer, R. RchivalTag: Analyzing Archival Tagging Data. A set of functions to generate, access and analyze standard data products from archival tagging data. (2020). https://cran.r-project.org/package=RchivalTag.
Accessed on 8 November 2021.
Cazelles, B. et al. Wavelet analysis of ecological time series. Oecologia 156, 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-0993-2 (2008).
Google Scholar
Venables, W. N. & Ripley, B. D. Modern Applied Statistics with S, 4th ed. (Springer, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2.
Wood, S. mgcv: Mixed GAM Computation Vehicle with GCV/AIC/REML smoothness estimation and GAMMs by REML/PQL (2012). https://cran.r-project.org/package=mgcv. Accessed on 8 November 2021.
Wood S. N. Generalized Additive Models. An Introduction with R. 2nd ed. (Chapman & Halll, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370279.
Source: Ecology - nature.com