Rudnick, D. A. et al. The role of landscape connectivity in planning and implementing conservation and restoration priorities. Issues Ecol. 16, 1–23 (2012).
Brudvig, L. A. Interpreting the effects of landscape connectivity on community diversity. J. Veg. Sci. 27, 4–5 (2016).
Google Scholar
Socolar, J. B., Gilroy, J. J., Kunin, W. E. & Edwards, D. P. How should beta-diversity inform biodiversity conservation?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 67–80 (2016).
Google Scholar
Leibold, M. A., Chase, J. M. & Ernest, S. K. M. Community assembly and the functioning of ecosystems: how metacommunity processes alter ecosystems attributes. Ecology 98, 909–919 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kuczynski, L. & Grenouillet, G. Community disassembly under global change: Evidence in favor of the stress-dominance hypothesis. Global Change Biol. 24, 4417–4427 (2018).
Google Scholar
Münkemüller, T. et al. From diversity indices to community assembly processes: A test with simulated data. Ecography 35, 468–480 (2012).
Google Scholar
Seabloom, E. W., BJørnstad, O. N., Bolker, B. M. & Reichman, O. J. Spatial signature of environmental heterogeneity, dispersal, and competition in successional grasslands. Ecol. Monogr. 75, 199–214 (2005).
Google Scholar
Vellend, M. Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. Q. Rev. Biol. 85, 183–206 (2010).
Google Scholar
Fortin, M. J. & Dale, M. Spatial Analysis: A Guide for Ecologist (Cambridge Univ. Press., 2005).
McIntire, E. J. B. & Fajardo, A. Beyond description: the active and effective way to infer processes from spatial patterns. Ecology 90, 46–56 (2009).
Google Scholar
Smith, T. W. & Lundholm, J. T. Variation partitioning as a tool to distinguish between niche and neutral processes. Ecography 33, 648–655 (2010).
Google Scholar
Dray, S. et al. Community ecology in the age of multivariate multiscale spatial analysis. Ecol. Monogr. 82, 257–275 (2012).
Google Scholar
Dray, S. A new perspective about moran’s coefficient: Spatial autocorrelation as a linear regression problem. Geogr. Anal. 43, 127–141 (2011).
Google Scholar
Biswas, S. R., Mallik, A. U., Braithwaite, N. T. & Wagner, H. H. A conceptual framework for the spatial analysis of functional trait diversity. Oikos 125, 192–200 (2016).
Google Scholar
Biswas, S. R., MacDonald, R. L. & Chen, H. Y. H. Disturbance increases negative spatial autocorrelation in species diversity. Landsc. Ecol. 32, 823–834 (2017).
Google Scholar
Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. Numerical Ecology (Elsevier, 2012).
Legendre, P. Spatial autocorrelation: Trouble or new paradigm?. Ecology 74, 1659–1673 (1993).
Google Scholar
Biswas, S. R., Xiang, J. & Li, H. Disturbance effects on spatial autocorrelation in biodiversity: An overview and a call for study. Diversity 13, 167 (2021).
Google Scholar
Bertin, A. et al. Effects of wind-driven spatial structure and environmental heterogeneity on high-altitude wetland macroinvertebrate assemblages with contrasting dispersal modes. Freshw. Biol. 60, 297–310 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bertin, A. et al. Genetic variation of loci potentially under selection confounds species-genetic diversity correlations in a fragmented habitat. Mol. Ecol. 26, 431–443 (2017).
Google Scholar
Souvignet, M., Oyarzún, R., Verbist, K. M. J., Gaese, H. & Heinrich, J. Hydro-meteorological trends in semi-arid north-central Chile (29–32°S): Water resources implications for a fragile Andean region. Hydrol. Sci. J. 57, 479–495 (2012).
Google Scholar
Montecinos, S., Gutiérrez, J. R., López-Cortés, F. & López, D. Climatic characteristics of the semi-arid Coquimbo Region in Chile. J. Arid Environ. 126, 7–11 (2016).
Google Scholar
Gilbert, B. & Levine, J. M. Ecological drift and the distribution of species diversity. Proc. Biol. Sci. 284, 1–10 (2017).
Ruzzier, E. et al. From island biogeography to conservation: A multi-taxon and multi-taxonomic rank approach in the Tuscan archipelago. Land 10, 486 (2021).
Google Scholar
Siqueira, T. et al. Community size can affect the signals of ecological drift and niche selection on biodiversity. Ecology 101, e03014 (2020).
Google Scholar
Anthelme, F. & Dangles, O. Plant–plant interactions in tropical alpine environments. Perspect. Plant Ecol. 14, 363–372 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gavini, S. S., Ezcurra, C. & Aizen, M. A. Plant–plant interactions promote alpine diversification. Evol. Ecol. 33, 195–209 (2019).
Google Scholar
Callaway, R. M. et al. Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature 417, 844–848 (2002).
Google Scholar
Cavieres, L. A. et al. Facilitative plant interactions and climate simultaneously drive alpine plant diversity. Ecol. Lett. 17, 193–202 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kikvidze, Z. et al. The effects of foundation species on community assembly: A global study on alpine cushion plant communities. Ecology 96, 2064–2069 (2015).
Google Scholar
Zhao, R. M., Zhang, H. & An, L. Z. Spatial patterns and interspecific relationships of two dominant cushion plants at three elevations on the Kunlun Mountain, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 17339–17349 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pugnaire, F. I., Losapio, G. & Schöb, C. Interacciones entre especies y el papel de las plantas cojín en ecosistemas de alta montaña bajo un clima cambiante. Ecosistemas 30, 2186 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cadotte, M. W. Dispersal and species diversity: A meta-analysis. Am. Nat. 167, 913–924 (2006).
Google Scholar
Vellend, M. et al. Drawing ecological inferences from coincident patterns of population- and community-level biodiversity. Mol. Ecol. 23, 2890–2901 (2014).
Google Scholar
Legendre, P. & De Cáceres, M. Beta diversity as the variance of community data: Dissimilarity coefficients and partitioning. Ecol. Lett. 16, 951–963 (2013).
Google Scholar
Leibold, M. A. & Chase, J. M. Metacommunity Ecology (Princeton University Press, 2018).
Wilsey, B. & Stirling, G. Species richness and evenness respond in a different manner to propagule density in developing prairie microcosm communities. Plant Ecol. 190, 259–273 (2007).
Google Scholar
Schamp, B. S., Arnott, S. E. & Joslin, K. L. Dispersal strength influences zooplankton co-occurrence patterns in experimental mesocosms. Ecology 96, 1074–1083 (2015).
Google Scholar
Troncoso, A. J., Bertin, A., Osorio, R., Arancio, G. & Gouin, N. Comparative population genetics of two dominant plant species of high Andean wetlands reveals complex evolutionary histories and conservation perspectives in Chile’s Norte Chico. Conserv. Genet. 18, 1047–1060 (2017).
Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, V. W. et al. Partitioning genetic and species diversity refines our understanding of species–genetic diversity relationships. Ecol. Evol. 8, 12351–12364 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bello, F. D. et al. Hierarchical effects of environmental filters on the functional structure of plant communities: A case study in the French Alps. Ecography 36, 393–402 (2013).
Google Scholar
Moritz, C. et al. Disentangling the role of connectivity, environmental filtering, and spatial structure on metacommunity dynamics. Oikos 122, 1401–1410 (2013).
Wilsey, B. J. & Potvin, C. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Importance of species evenness in an old field. Ecology 81, 887–892 (2000).
Google Scholar
Stirling, G. & Wilsey, B. Empirical relationships between species richness, evenness, and proportional diversity. Am. Nat. 158, 286–299 (2001).
Google Scholar
Stevens, R. D. & Willig, M. R. Geographical ecology at the community level: Perspectives on the diversity of new world bats. Ecology 83, 545–560 (2002).
Google Scholar
Wilsey, B. J. & Polley, H. W. Effects of seed additions and grazing history on diversity and productivity of subhumid grasslands. Ecology 84, 920–931 (2003).
Google Scholar
Ma, M. Species richness vs evenness: Independent relationship and different responses to edaphic factors. Oikos 111, 192–198 (2005).
Google Scholar
Schmitz, O. J. Effects of predator hunting mode on grassland ecosystem function. Science 319, 952–954 (2008).
Google Scholar
Stomp, M., Huisman, J., Mittelbach, G. G., Litchman, E. & Klausmeier, C. A. Large-scale biodiversity patterns in freshwater phytoplankton. Ecology 92, 2096–2107 (2011).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H. et al. The relationship between species richness and evenness in plant communities along a successional gradient: A study from sub-alpine meadows of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China. PLoS ONE 7, e49024 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hubbell, S. P. The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography (Princeton University Press, 2001).
Young, K. R. in Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes (eds Herzog, S. K., Martinez, R., Jørgensen, P. M. & Tiessen, H.) Ch. 8, 128–140 (Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, 2011).
López-Angulo, J. et al. Determinants of high mountain plant diversity in the Chilean Andes: From regional to local spatial scales. PLoS ONE 13, e0200216 (2018).
Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton University Press, 1967).
Hanski, I. Metapopulation Ecology (Oxford University Press, 1999).
Blanchet, F. G., Cazelles, K. & Gravel, D. Co-occurrence is not evidence of ecological interactions. Ecol. Lett. 23, 1050–1063 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kunte, K. Competition and species diversity: Removal of dominant species increases diversity in Costa Rican butterfly communities. Oikos 117, 69–76 (2008).
Google Scholar
Dray, S., Legendre, P. & Peres-Neto, P. R. Spatial modelling: A comprehensive framework for principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices (PCNM). Ecol. Model. 196, 483–493 (2006).
Google Scholar
Kikvidze, Z. et al. Linking patterns and processes in alpine plant communities: A global study. Ecology 86, 1395–1400 (2005).
Google Scholar
Hill, M. O. Diversity and evenness: A unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54, 427–432 (1973).
Google Scholar
Heip, C. H. R., Herman, P. M. J. & Soetaert, K. Indices of diversity and evenness. Océanis 4, 61–87 (1998).
Jost, L. Entropy and diversity. Oikos 113, 363–375 (2006).
Google Scholar
Jost, L. Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology 88, 2427–2439 (2007).
Google Scholar
Jost, L. The relation between evenness and diversity. Diversity 2, 207–232 (2010).
Google Scholar
Pallmann, P. et al. Assessing group differences in biodiversity by simultaneously testing a user-defined selection of diversity indices. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 12, 1068–1078 (2012).
Google Scholar
Chao, A. et al. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: A framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecol. Monogr. 84, 45–67 (2014).
Google Scholar
Morris, E. K. et al. Choosing and using diversity indices: Insights for ecological applications from the german biodiversity exploratories. Ecol. Evol. 4, 3514–3524 (2014).
Google Scholar
Beisel, J.-N., Usseglio-Polatera, P., Bachmann, V. & Moreteau, J.-C. A comparative analysis of evenness index sensitivity. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 88, 3–15 (2003).
Google Scholar
Fedor, P. & Zvaríková, M. in Encyclopedia of Ecology (ed Brian Fath) 337–346 (2019).
Gatti, R. C., Amoroso, N. & Monaco, A. Estimating and comparing biodiversity with a single universal metric. Ecol. Model. 424, 8 (2020).
Lin, L., Deng, W., Huang, X. & Kang, B. Fish taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and their vulnerabilities in the largest river in southeastern China. Ecol. Evol. 11, 11533–11548 (2021).
Google Scholar
Squeo, F. A., Warner, B. G., Aravena, R. & Espinoza, D. Bofedales: High altitude peatlands of the central Andes. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 79, 245–255 (2006).
Google Scholar
Villagrán-Mella, R., Aguayo, M., Parra, L. E. & González, A. Relación entre características del hábitat y estructura del ensamble de insectos en humedales palustres urbanos del centro-sur de Chile. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 79, 195–211 (2006).
Google Scholar
Coronel, J. S., Declerck, S., Maldonado, M., Ollevier, F. & Brendonck, L. Temporary shallow pools in high-Andes ‘bofedal’ peatlands. Arch. Sci. 57, 85–96 (2004).
Google Scholar
Wakeling, I. N. & Morris, J. J. A test of significance for partial least squares regression. J. Chemom. 7, 291–304 (1993).
Google Scholar
Foltête, J.-C., Clauzel, C. & Vuidel, G. A software tool dedicated to the modelling of landscape networks. Environ. Modell. Softw. 38, 316–327 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ricotta, C., Stanisci, A., Avena, G. C. & Blasi, C. Quantifying the network connectivity of landscape mosaics: a graph-theoretical approach. Community Ecol. 1, 89–94 (2000).
Google Scholar
Freeman, L. C. Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Soc. Netw. 1, 215–239 (1979).
Google Scholar
Urban, D. & Keitt, T. Landscape connectivity: A graph-theoretic perspective. Ecology 82, 1205–1218 (2001).
Google Scholar
Bodin, Ö. & Saura, S. Ranking individual habitat patches as connectivity providers: Integrating network analysis and patch removal experiments. Ecol. Model. 221, 2393–2405 (2010).
Google Scholar
Gotelli, N. J., Hart, E. M. & Ellison, A. M. EcoSimR: Null model analysis for ecological data. R package version 0.1.0. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015).
Bivand, R. S. & Wong, D. W. S. Comparing implementations of global and local indicators of spatial association. TEST 27, 716–748 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dray, S. et al. adespatial: multivariate multiscale spatial analysis. R package version 0.3-8. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020)
Wagner, H. H. & Dray, S. Generating spatially constrained null models for irregularly spaced data using Moran spectral randomization methods. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 1169–1178 (2015).
Google Scholar
Monecke, A. & Leisch, F. semPLS: Structural equation modeling using partial least squares. J. Stat. Softw. 48, 1–32 (2012).
Google Scholar
Zhao, X., Li, Y., Song, H., Jia, Y. & Liu, J. Agents affecting the productivity of pine plantations on the Loess Plateau in China: A study based on structural equation modeling. Forests 11, 1328 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y.-M. & Lauro, C. PLS path modeling. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 48, 159–205 (2005).
Google Scholar
Gower, J. C. & Legendre, P. Metric and euclidean properties of dissimilarity coefficients. J. Classif. 3, 5–48 (1986).
Google Scholar
Goslee, S. C. & Urban, D. L. The ecodist package for dissimilarity-based analysis of ecological data. J. Stat. Softw. 22, 1–19 (2007).
Google Scholar
Lumley, T. & Miller, A. leaps: Regression subset selection. R package version 2.7. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=leaps (2004).
AICcmodavg: Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Based on (Q)AIC(c). R package version 2.3-1. (2019).
Freestone, A. L. & Inouye, B. D. Dispersal limitation and environmental heterogeneity shape scale-dependent diversity patterns in plant communities. Ecology 87, 2425–2432 (2006).
Google Scholar
Li, F., Tonkin, J. D. & Haase, P. Local contribution to beta diversity is negatively linked with community-wide dispersal capacity in stream invertebrate communities. Ecol. Indic. 108, 105715 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vilmi, A., Karjalainen, S. M. & Heino, J. Ecological uniqueness of stream and lake diatom communities shows different macroecological patterns. Divers. Distrib. 23, 1042–1053 (2017).
Google Scholar
Baldeck, C. A., Tupayachi, R., Sinca, F., Jaramillo, N. J. E. & Asner, G. P. Environmental drivers of tree community turnover in western Amazonian forests. Ecography 39, 1089–1099 (2016).
Google Scholar
Chase, J. M. Stochastic community assembly causes higher biodiversity in more productive environments. Science 328, 1388–1391 (2010).
Google Scholar
Chase, J. M. & Myers, J. A. Disentangling the importance of ecological niches from stochastic processes across scales. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. 366, 2351–2363 (2011).
Google Scholar
Segre, H. et al. Competitive exclusion, beta diversity, and deterministic vs. stochastic drivers of community assembly. Ecol. Lett. 17, 1400–1408 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ceschin, F., Bini, L. M. & Padial, A. A. Correlates of fish and aquatic macrophyte beta diversity in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Hydrobiologia 805, 377–389 (2018).
Google Scholar
Heino, J. et al. Unravelling the correlates of species richness and ecological uniqueness in a metacommunity of urban pond insects. Ecol. Indic. 73, 422–431 (2017).
Google Scholar
Leão, H., Siqueira, T., Torres, N. R. & Montag, L. F. D. A. Ecological uniqueness of fish communities from streams in modified landscapes of Eastern Amazonia. Ecol. Indic. 111, 106039 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vega-Álvarez, J., García-Rodríguez, J. A. & Cayuela, L. Facilitation beyond species richness. J. Ecol. 107, 722–734 (2019).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
