in

The widely distributed soft coral Xenia umbellata exhibits high resistance against phosphate enrichment and temperature increase

  • Moberg, F. & Folke, C. Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecol. Econ. 29, 215–233 (1999).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodhead, A. J., Hicks, C. C., Norström, A. V., Williams, G. J. & Graham, N. A. J. Coral reef ecosystem services in the Anthropocene. Funct. Ecol. 33, 1023–1034 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, T. P. et al. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546, 82 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, T. P., Kerry, J. T. & Simpson, T. Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecology 99, 501 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, K. R. N., Kline, D. I., Diaz-Pulido, G., Dove, S. & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders. PNAS 105, 17442–17446 (2008).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtial, L., Roberty, S., Shick, J. M., Houlbrèque, F. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. Interactive effects of ultraviolet radiation and thermal stress on two reef-building corals. Limnol. Oceanogr. 62, 1000–1013 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessen, C. et al. In-situ effects of eutrophication and overfishing on physiology and bacterial diversity of the Red Sea Coral Acropora hemprichii. PLoS ONE 8, e62091 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessen, C., Roder, C., Villa Lizcano, J. F., Voolstra, C. R. & Wild, C. In-situ effects of simulated overfishing and eutrophication on benthic coral reef algae growth, succession, and composition in the Central Red Sea. PLoS ONE 8, e66992 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius, K. E. Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: Review and synthesis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 50, 125–146 (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, T. P. et al. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 301, 929–933 (2003).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius, K. E., Cséke, S., Humphrey, C. & De’ath, G. Does trophic status enhance or reduce the thermal tolerance of scleractinian corals? A review, experiment and conceptual framework. PLoS ONE 8, e54399 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, R. H., Price, J. T., Solomon, S. L. & Grottoli, A. G. Thirty years of coral heat-stress experiments: A review of methods. Coral Reefs 39, 885–902 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius, K. E. Factors determining the resilience of coral reefs to eutrophication: A review and conceptual model. In Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition (eds Dubinsky, Z. & Stambler, N.) (Springer, 2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilstra, A. et al. Light induced intraspecific variability in response to thermal stress in the hard coral Stylophora pistillata. PeerJ. https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ.3802/ (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, S. R., Lopez-Yglesias, M. A. & Anthony, K. R. N. Food availability promotes rapid recovery from thermal stress in a scleractinian coral. Coral Reefs 31, 951–960 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Coles, S. L. & Brown, B. E. Coral bleaching—Capacity for acclimatization and adaptation. Adv. Mar. Biol. 46, 183 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, E., Koren, O., Reshef, L., Efrony, R. & Zilber-Rosenberg, I. The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease and evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5, 355–362 (2007).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Szmant, A. M. Nutrient enrichment on coral reefs: Is it a major cause of coral reef decline? Estuaries 25, 743–766 (2002).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, M. J., Carlson, B. & Crow, G. L. Coral growth in high-nutrient, low-pH seawater: A case study of corals cultured at the Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 14, 215–223 (1995).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bongiorni, L., Shafir, S., Angel, D. & Rinkevich, B. Survival, growth and gonad development of two hermatypic corals subjected to in situ fish-farm nutrient enrichment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 253, 137–144 (2003).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, R. W. Coral reefs in an urban embayment in Hawaii: A complex case history controlled by natural and anthropogenic stress. Coral Reefs 14, 253–266 (1995).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius, K. E. & De’ath, G. Identifying ecological change and its causes: A case study on coral reefs. Ecol. Appl. 14, 1448–1465 (2004).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrier-Pagès, C., Gattuso, J. P., Dallot, S. & Jaubert, J. Effect of nutrient enrichment on growth and photosynthesis of the zooxanthellate coral Stylophora pistillata. Coral Reefs 19, 103–113 (2000).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosset, S., Wiedenmann, J., Reed, A. J. & D’Angelo, C. Phosphate deficiency promotes coral bleaching and is reflected by the ultrastructure of symbiotic dinoflagellates. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 118, 180–187 (2017).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ban, S. S., Graham, N. A. J. & Connolly, S. R. Evidence for multiple stressor interactions and effects on coral reefs. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 681–697 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedenmann, J. et al. Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 160–164 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rädecker, N. et al. Heat stress destabilizes symbiotic nutrient cycling in corals. PNAS. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022653118 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • LaJeunesse, T. C. et al. Systematic revision of symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. Curr. Biol. 28, 2570–2580 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P. G., Dubinsky, Z., Muscatine, L. & McCloskey, L. Population control in symbiotic corals—Ammonium ions and organic materials maintain the density of zooxanthellae. Bioscience 43, 606–611 (1993).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Muscatine, L. & Pool, R. R. Regulation of numbers of intracellular algae. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 204, 131–139 (1979).

    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Parker, G., D’Elia, C. F. & Cook, C. B. Interactions between corals and their symbiotic algae. Coral Reefs Anthr. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7249-5_5 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rädecker, N., Pogoreutz, C., Voolstra, C. R., Wiedenmann, J. & Wild, C. Nitrogen cycling in corals: The key to understanding holobiont functioning? Trends Microbiol. 23, 490–497 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, R. K., Dafforn, K. A., Ainsworth, T. & Johnston, E. L. Know thy anemone: A review of threats to octocorals and anemones and opportunities for their restoration. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 590 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, S., Kayanne, H., Yamamoto, S. & Kurihara, H. Spatial community shift from hard to soft corals in acidified water. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 683–687 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild, C. & Naumann, M. S. Effect of active water movement on energy and nutrient acquisition in coral reef-associated benthic organisms. PNAS 110, 8767–8768 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H. E., Pet, J. S., Dahuri, R. & Caldwell, R. L. Recovery in rubble fields: Long-term impacts of blast fishing. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46, 1024–1031 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Benayahu, Y. & Loya, Y. Settlement and recruitment of a soft coral: Why is Xenia macrospiculata a successful colonizer? Bull. Mar. Sci. 36, 177–188 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Norström, A. V., Nyström, M., Lokrantz, J. & Folke, C. Alternative states on coral reefs: Beyond coral-macroalgal phase shifts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 376, 293–306 (2009).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Reverter, M., Helber, S. B., Rohde, S., De Goeij, J. M. & Schupp, P. J. Coral reef benthic community changes in the Anthropocene: Biogeographic heterogeneity, overlooked configurations, and methodology. Glob. Change Biol. 28, 1956–1971 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Karcher, D. B. et al. Nitrogen eutrophication particularly promotes turf algae in coral reefs of the central Red Sea. PeerJ 2020, 1–25 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Khaled, Y. C. et al. Nitrogen fixation and denitrification activity differ between coral- and algae-dominated Red Sea reefs. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–15 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Allais, J. P., Benayahu, Y. & Lasso-Alcalá, O. M. The invasive octocoral Unomia stolonifera (Alcyonacea, Xeniidae) is dominating the benthos in the Southeastern Caribbean Sea. Mem. la Fund La Salle Ciencias Nat. 79, 63–80 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz Allais, J. P., Amaro, M. E., McFadden, C. S., Halász, A. & Benayahu, Y. The first incidence of an alien soft coral of the family Xeniidae in the Caribbean, an invasion in eastern Venezuelan coral communities. Coral Reefs 33, 287 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, G., Januar, I., Ferse, S. C. A., Wild, C. & Kunzmann, A. Abundance and physiology of dominant soft corals linked to water quality in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. PeerJ 2016, 1–29 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Menezes, N. M. et al. New non-native ornamental octocorals threatening a South-west Atlantic reef. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315421000849 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantelatto, M. C., da Silva, A. G., dos Louzada, T. S., McFadden, C. S. & Creed, J. C. Invasion of aquarium origin soft corals on a tropical rocky reef in the southwest Atlantic. Brazil. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 130, 84–94 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Simancas-Giraldo, S. M. et al. Photosynthesis and respiration of the soft coral Xenia umbellata respond to warming but not to organic carbon eutrophication. PeerJ 9, e11663 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollstedt, S., Xiang, N., Simancas-Giraldo, S. M. & Wild, C. Organic eutrophication increases resistance of the pulsating soft coral Xenia umbellata to warming. PeerJ 2020, 1–16 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thobor, B. et al. The pulsating soft coral Xenia umbellata shows high resistance to warming when nitrate concentrations are low. Sci. Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21110-w (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, O. S., Leão, Z. M. A. N., Nimmo, M. & Attrill, M. J. Nutrification impacts on coral reefs from northern Bahia, Brazil. Hydrobiologia 440, 307–315 (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleury, B. G., Coll, J. C., Tentori, E., Duquesne, S. & Figueiredo, L. Effect of nutrient enrichment on the complementary (secondary) metabolite composition of the soft coral Sarcophyton ebrenbergi (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Alcyonaceae) of the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Biol. 136, 63–68 (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednarz, V. N., Naumann, M. S., Niggl, W. & Wild, C. Inorganic nutrient availability affects organic matter fluxes and metabolic activity in the soft coral genus Xenia. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 3672–3679 (2012).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno, J. F., Petes, L. E., Harvell, C. D. & Hettinger, A. Nutrient enrichment can increase the severity of coral diseases. Ecol. Lett. 6, 1056–1061 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezzat, L., Maguer, J.-F.F., Grover, R. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. Limited phosphorus availability is the Achilles heel of tropical reef corals in a warming ocean. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–11 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, Y., Grottoli, A. G., Matsui, Y., Suzuki, A. & Sakai, K. Effects of nitrate and phosphate availability on the tissues and carbonate skeleton of scleractinian corals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 570, 101–112 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, G., Strong, A. E., Skirving, W. & Arzayus, L. F. Overview of NOAA coral reef watch program’s near-real time satellite global coral bleaching monitoring activities. In Proc. 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1783–1793 (2006).

  • Bellworthy, J. & Fine, M. Beyond peak summer temperatures, branching corals in the Gulf of Aqaba are resilient to thermal stress but sensitive to high light. Coral Reefs 36, 1071–1082 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rex, A., Montebon, F. & Yap, H. T. Metabolic responses of the scleractinian coral Porites cylindrica Dana to water motion. I. Oxygen flux studies. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 186, 33–52 (1995).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, M. H., Berg, P., de Beer, D. & Zieman, J. C. In situ coral reef oxygen metabolism: An eddy correlation study. PLoS ONE 8, e58581 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius, K. E. & Klumpp, D. W. Widespread mixotrophy in reef-inhabiting soft corals: The influence of depth, and colony expansion and contraction on photosynthesis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 125, 195–204 (1995).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254 (1976).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Raimonet, M., Guillou, G., Mornet, F. & Richard, P. Macroalgae δ15N values in well-mixed estuaries: Indicator of anthropogenic nitrogen input or macroalgae metabolism? Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 119, 126–138 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Furla, P., Galgani, I., Durand, I. & Allemand, D. Sources and mechanisms of inorganic carbon transport for coral calcification and photosynthesis. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 3445–3457 (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A. D., Grottoli, A. G., Pease, T. K. & Matsui, Y. Acquisition and assimilation of carbon in non-bleached and bleached corals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 420, 91–101 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rau, G. H., Takahashi, T. & Des Marais, D. J. Latitudinal variations in plankton delta C-13—Implications for CO2 and productivity in past oceans. Nature 341, 516–518 (1989).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, K. W., Hamady, L. L. & Thorrold, S. R. A review of ecogeochemistry approaches to estimating movements of marine animals. Limnol. Oceanogr. 58, 697–714 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Muscatine, L., Porter, J. W. & Kaplan, I. R. Resource partitioning by reef corals as determined from stable isotope composition. Mar. Biol. 100, 185–193 (1989).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Swart, P. K. et al. The isotopic composition of respired carbon dioxide in scleractinian corals: Implications for cycling of organic carbon in corals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 1495–1509 (2005).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, L. J. & Grottoli, A. G. Calcification rate and the stable carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen isotopes in the skeleton, host tissue, and zooxanthellae of bleached and recovering Hawaiian corals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 2781–2789 (2006).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Grottoli, A. G. & Rodrigues, L. J. Bleached Porites compressa and Montipora capitata corals catabolize δ13C-enriched lipids. Coral Reefs 30, 687–692 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Levas, S. J., Grottoli, A. G., Hughes, A., Osburn, C. L. & Matsui, Y. Physiological and biogeochemical traits of bleaching and recovery in the mounding species of coral porites lobata: Implications for resilience in mounding corals. PLoS ONE 8, 32–35 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoepf, V. et al. Annual coral bleaching and the long-term recovery capacity of coral. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20151887 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, M. P. et al. Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic cyanobacteria provides a source of nitrogen for the scleractinian coral Montastraea cavernosa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 346, 143–152 (2007).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, E. J., Harvey, H. R., Brian, F. & Capone, D. G. Biogeochemical tracers of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Deep Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 44, 27–38 (1997).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachs, L. et al. Effects of tourism-derived sewage on coral reefs: Isotopic assessments identify effective bioindicators. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 148, 85–96 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kürten, B. et al. Influence of environmental gradients on C and N stable isotope ratios in coral reef biota of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. J. Sea Res. 85, 379–394 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Core Team, R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).

  • Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1686 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassambara, A. ggpubr: ‘ggplot2’ Based Publication Ready Plots. R Package Version 0.4.0 (2020).

  • Kassambara, A. rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. R Package Version 0.7.0 (2021).

  • Contreras-Silva, A. I. et al. A meta-analysis to assess long-term spatiotemporal changes of benthic coral and macroalgae cover in the Mexican Caribbean. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–12 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledlie, M. H. et al. Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26, 641–653 (2007).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuffner, I. B. & Toth, L. T. A geological perspective on the degradation and conservation of western Atlantic coral reefs. Conserv. Biol. 30, 706–715 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, T. P. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef. Science 265, 1547–1551 (1994).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bakker, D. M., Meesters, E. H., Bak, R. P. M., Nieuwland, G. & van Duyl, F. C. Long-term shifts in coral communities on shallow to deep reef slopes of Curaçao and Bonaire: Are there any winners? Front. Mar. Sci. 3, 247 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergner, H. & Svoboda, A. Productivity and seasonal changes in selected reef areas in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Helgoländer Meeresun. 30, 383–399 (1977).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlichter, D., Svoboda, A. & Kremer, B. P. Functional autotrophy of Heteroxenia fuscescens (Anthozoa: Alcyonaria): Carbon assimilation and translocation of photosynthates from symbionts to host. Mar. Biol. 78, 29–38 (1983).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Sofyani, A. A. & Niaz, G. R. A comparative study of the components of the hard coral Seriatopora hystrix and the soft coral Xenia umbellata along the Jeddah coast, Saudi Arabia. Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. 42, 207–219 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, L. R., Wethey, D. S. & Porter, J. W. Measurement and interpretation of photosynthesis and respiration in reef corals. In Coral Reefs: Research Methods (eds Stoddart, D. R. & Johannes, R. E.) 379–396 (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. M., Freeman, C. J., Wong, J. C. Y., Fogel, M. L. & Knowlton, N. Climate change promotes parasitism in a coral symbiosis. ISME J. 12, 921–930 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Smith, G. J. The effect of sudden changes in temperature, light and salinity on the population density and export of zooxanthellae from the reef corals Stylophora pistillata Esper and Seriatopora hystrix Dana. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 129, 279–303 (1989).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias-Prieto, R., Matta, J. L., Robins, W. A. & Trench, R. K. Photosynthetic response to elevated temperature in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, 10302–10305 (1992).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Béraud, E., Gevaert, F., Rottier, C. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. The response of the scleractinian coral Turbinaria reniformis to thermal stress depends on the nitrogen status of the coral holobiont. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 2665–2674 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremien, M., Shavit, U., Mass, T. & Genin, A. Benefit of pulsation in soft corals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 8978–8983 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Grover, R. et al. Coral uptake of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen negatively affected by simultaneous changes in temperature and pH. PLoS ONE 6, 1–10 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardini, U. et al. Microbial dinitrogen fixation in coral holobionts exposed to thermal stress and bleaching. Environ. Microbiol. 18, 2620–2633 (2016).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardini, U. et al. Functional significance of dinitrogen fixation in sustaining coral productivity under oligotrophic conditions. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20152257 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos, H. F. et al. Climate change affects key nitrogen-fixing bacterial populations on coral reefs. ISME J. 8, 2272–2279 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilstra, A. et al. Relative diazotroph abundance in symbiotic red sea corals decreases with water depth. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 372 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinke, A. et al. Impact of phosphate enrichment on the susceptibility of the pulsating soft coral Xenia umbellata to ocean warming. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 1026321 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rädecker, N. et al. Heat stress reduces the contribution of diazotrophs to coral holobiont nitrogen cycling. ISME J. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01158-8 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Swart, P. K., Saied, A. & Lamb, K. Temporal and spatial variation in the δ15N and δ13C of coral tissue and zooxanthellae in Montastraea faveolata collected from the Florida reef tract. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 1049–1058 (2005).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Grottoli, A. G., Tchernov, D. & Winters, G. Physiological and biogeochemical responses of super-corals to thermal stress from the Northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 215 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, Z. & Stambler, N. Marine pollution and coral reefs. Glob. Change Biol. 2, 511–526 (1996).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya, Y., Lubinevsky, H., Rosenfeld, M. & Kramarsky-Winter, E. Nutrient enrichment caused by in situ fish farms at Eilat, Red Sea is detrimental to coral reproduction. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49, 344–353 (2004).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, O. S., Nimmo, M. & Attrill, M. J. Coastal nutrification in Brazil: A review of the role of nutrient excess on coral reef demise. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 25, 257–270 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tait, D. R. et al. The influence of groundwater inputs and age on nutrient dynamics in a coral reef lagoon. Mar. Chem. 166, 36–47 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, Y., Hohn, S., Wild, C. & Merico, A. Vulnerability of global coral reef habitat suitability to ocean warming, acidification and eutrophication. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 5646–5660 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. R. et al. Eutrophication may compromise the resilience of the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata to global change. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 131, 701–711 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumann, M. S. et al. Organic matter release by dominant hermatypic corals of the Northern Red Sea. Coral Reefs 29, 649–659 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild, C. et al. Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem. Nature 428, 66–70 (2004).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 


  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    The success of woody plant removal depends on encroachment stage and plant traits

    Evelyn Wang appointed as director of US Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy