Newbold, T. et al. Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520, 45–50 (2015).
Google Scholar
Díaz, S. et al. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on earth points to the need for transformative change. Science 366, eaax3100 (2019).
Google Scholar
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). State of the World’s Forests 2022: Forest Pathways for Green Recovery and Building Inclusive, Resilient and Sustainable Economies (FAO, 2022).
Williams, M. Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis (University of Chicago Press, 2003).
Laurence, W. F. et al. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 489, 290–294 (2012).
Google Scholar
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) http://www.protectedplanet.net (2020).
Convention on Biological Diversity. First Draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework https://www.cbd.int/meetings/WG2020-03 (2021).
Wilson, E. O. Half-Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life (Liveright Publishing Company, 2016).
Joppa, L. N. & Pfaff, A. High and far: biases in the location of protected areas. PLoS One 4, e8273 (2009).
Google Scholar
Sarkar, S. et al. Biodiversity conservation planning tools: present status and challenges for the future. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 31, 123–159 (2006).
Google Scholar
Naidoo, R. et al. Integrating economic costs into conservation planning. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 681–687 (2006).
Google Scholar
Ando, A., Camm, J., Polasky, S. & Solow, A. Species distributions, land values, and efficient conservation. Science 279, 2126–2128 (1998).
Google Scholar
Meir, E., Andelman, S. & Possingham, H. P. Does conservation planning matter in a dynamic and uncertain world? Ecol. Lett. 7, 615–622 (2004).
Google Scholar
Costello, C. & Polasky, S. Dynamic reserve site selection. Resour. Energy Econ. 26, 157–174 (2004).
Google Scholar
The Nature Conservancy. Terrestrial Ecoregions https://geospatial.tnc.org/datasets/7b7fb9d945544d41b3e7a91494c42930_0 (2008).
Hansen, M. C. et al. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342, 850–853 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kummu, M., Taka, M. & Guillaume, J. Gridded global datasets for gross domestic product and human development index over 1990–2015. Sci. Data 5, 180004 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kier, G. et al. Global patterns of plant diversity and floristic knowledge. J. Biogeogr. 32, 1107–1116 (2005).
Google Scholar
Tilman, D., Reich, P. B. & Isbell, F. Biodiversity impacts ecosystem productivity as much as resources, disturbance or herbivory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 10394–10397 (2012).
Google Scholar
Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S. & Mosseler, A. Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change CBD Technical Series No. 43 (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2009).
Butsic, V., Lewis, D. J. & Radeloff, V. C. Reserve selection with land market feedbacks. J. Environ. Manag. 114, 276–284 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wilson, K. A., McBride, M. F., Bode, M. & Possingham, H. P. Prioritizing global conservation efforts. Nature 440, 337–340 (2006).
Google Scholar
McBride, M. F., Wilson, K. A., Bode, M. & Possingham, H. P. Incorporating the effects of socioeconomic uncertainty into priority setting for conservation investment. Conserv. Biol. 21, 1463–1474 (2007).
Google Scholar
Bode, M., Wilson, K., McBride, M. & Possingham, H. P. Optimal dynamic allocation of conservation funding among priority regions. Bull. Math. Biol. 70, 2039–2054 (2008).
Google Scholar
Pouzols, F. M. et al. Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism. Nature 516, 383–386 (2014).
Google Scholar
Pollock, L. J., Thuiller, W. & Jetz, W. Large conservation gains possible for global biodiversity facets. Nature 546, 141–144 (2017).
Google Scholar
Dinerstein, E. et al. A ‘Global Safety Net’ to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb2824 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jung, M. et al. Areas of global importance for conserving terrestrial biodiversity, carbon and water. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 1499–1509 (2021).
Google Scholar
Polasky, S. et al. Where to put things? Spatial land management to sustain biodiversity and economic returns. Biol. Conserv. 141, 1505–1524 (2008).
Google Scholar
Lennox, G. D., Fargione, J., Spector, S., Williams, G. & Armsworth, P. The value of flexibility in conservation financing. Conserv. Biol. 31, 666–674 (2016).
Google Scholar
Drechsler, M. & Wätzold, F. Biodiversity conservation in a dynamic world may lead to inefficiencies due to lock-in effects and path dependence. Ecol. Econ. 173, 106652 (2020).
Google Scholar
Boulton, C. A., Lenton, T. M. & Boers, N. Pronounced loss of Amazon rainforest resilience since the early 2000s. Nat. Clim. Chang. 12, 271–278 (2022).
Google Scholar
Lomolino, M. V. Ecology’s most general, yet protean pattern: the species‐area relationship. J. Biogeogr. 27, 17–26 (2000).
Google Scholar
Drake, J. & Griffen, B. Early warning signals of extinction in deteriorating environments. Nature 467, 456–459 (2010).
Google Scholar
Grantham, H. et al. Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity. Nat. Commun. 1, 5978 (2020).
Google Scholar
Naidoo, R. & Iwamura, T. Global-scale mapping of economic benefits from agricultural land: Implications for conservation priorities. Biol. Conserv. 140, 40–49 (2007).
Google Scholar
UNEP-FAO. United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030 https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/ (2021).
UN Climate Change Conference. Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use https://ukcop26.org/glasgow-leaders-declaration-on-forests-and-land-use/ (2021)
UN Climate Change Conference. The Global Forest Finance Pledge https://ukcop26.org/the-global-forest-finance-pledge/ (2021).
Convention on Biological Diversity. Preparations for the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework https://www.cbd.int/conferences/post2020 (2021)
Deutz, A. et al. Financing Nature: Closing the Global Biodiversity Financing Gap (The Paulson Institute, The Nature Conservancy, and the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, 2020).
Griscom, B. W. et al. Natural climate solutions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 11645–11650 (2017).
Google Scholar
Guerry, A. D. et al. Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: from promise to practice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 7348–7355 (2015).
Google Scholar
Leclère, D. et al. Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy. Nature 585, 551–556 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wintle, B. A. et al. Spending to save: what will it cost to halt Australia’s extinction crisis? Conserv. Lett. 12, e12682 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge University Press, 1990)
WWF et al. The State Of Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Lands and Territories https://wwflac.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/report_the_state_of_the_indigenous_peoples_and_local_communities_lands_and_territories_1.pdf (2021) .
Chaplin-Kramer, R. et al. Conservation needs to integrate knowledge across scales. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 118–119 (2022).
Google Scholar
IUCN. Spatial Data Download: Terrestrial Mammals. IUCN Red List https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/spatial-data-download (2021).
Abay, K. A., Chamberlin, J. & Berhane, G. Are land rental markets responding to rising population pressures and land scarcity in sub-Saharan Africa? Land Use Policy 101, 105139 (2021).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com