Philippa Kaur

The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are proposing to “rescind the regulatory definition of ‘harm’” in their regulations pertaining to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 (see go.nature.com/4jdfgud). The aim is to remove habitat protections and focus only on preventing intentional acts that cause injury to individual animals. This is misguided.
Competing Interests
The author declares no competing interests. More

Nature’s Memory: Behind the Scenes at the World’s Natural History Museums Jack Ashby Allen Lane (2025)Natural history museums are crucial for conservation — and for communicating its importance to the public. But step through the ‘staff only’ doors, and museums look very different. In vaults and laboratories, curators store, catalogue and preserve millions of specimens collected from the natural world — sometimes in controversial ways.In Nature’s Memory, zoologist Jack Ashby explains how all of this works, and the human choices that it entails. Ashby, who studies marsupials and monotremes, is assistant director of the University Museum of Zoology in Cambridge, UK. He is also president of the Society for the History of Natural History in London.In his office, plastered with posters of some of the world’s best nature dioramas, Ashby told Nature about his quest to communicate the importance of natural history museums.Do you have a favourite?One is the Biological Museum in Stockholm. The building looks like a wooden Norwegian church, and it’s effectively one giant diorama that goes up three storeys. It covers all of the Nordic biomes. And it shows that we do have some exciting wildlife in Europe.Egypt is building a $1-billion mega-museum. Will it bring Egyptology home?Another is the National Natural History Museum in Paris. You walk into the comparative-anatomy section and it’s one giant wall with thousands of skeletons all facing towards you, so tightly packed that you cannot walk between them.These probably shouldn’t be my favourites, because they are so old fashioned, but they are stunning.Do museums teach science in a neutral way? In one book chapter, you highlight male biases in specimen collection and display.Natural history museums are amazing, but of course they are built by people, and people have interests and biases. One study, by biologist Natalie Cooper at the Natural History Museum in London and her collaborators, looked at more than 2 million specimens at 5 museums, and found that only 40% of the birds were female (N. Cooper et al. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20192025; 2019). For mammals, the figure was 48%, but in some of the mammalian groups, particularly artiodactyls — such as deer and antelope — only 40% were female. In another study, curator Rebecca Machin found that almost three-quarters of the natural-history specimens on display at the Manchester Museum, UK, were male (R. Machin Museum Soc. 6, 54–67; 2008).The numbers are huge, but it’s also about how they are displayed, presented and interpreted. For example, descriptions of male specimens are much more likely to give general facts: this is where the animal lives, how it’s adapted to its environment, and so on. Whereas, for a female specimen, you tend to have more of a story of ‘this is how the species reproduces’.How did the idea of collecting natural-history specimens arise?In a sense, all museums — but certainly natural history museums — have their philosophical origins in the Wunderkammern, the private cabinets of curiosity maintained by aristocrats and natural philosophers in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Some museums today are direct descendants of those collections.During the Enlightenment period, when scientific proof became important, collecting at an institutional level grew. And it went hand in hand with the ‘age of discovery’. Some of those voyages explicitly focused on finding out what resources were out there in the world that could be traded or acquired. And museums were both a place to study those resources — be they animal, vegetable or mineral — and a tool to promote the mission: ‘Look what we’ve got in our newly found colony’.The British colony in southeastern Australia was intended to be founded in what’s now Botany Bay, near Sydney. And the colonists called it Botany Bay — it already had a name, Kamay, in the Indigenous language Dharawal — because, in 1770, on the voyage of Captain James Cook, naturalist Joseph Banks spent weeks collecting plants there. He came back and later said to Parliament, on the basis of what he had found, ‘this is where you should set up a colony’. Those plants are now in the Natural History Museum in London.Specimens at the National Museum of Ireland — Natural History in Dublin.Credit: Lucas Vallecillos/VWPics/Redux/eyevineBanks also wanted to collect the heads of Aboriginal people for his anatomical studies. Isn’t that problematic?It was. Scientists at the time had theorized a racial hierarchy of people across the world, and then sought people’s remains without consent to try to back up this theory. It fed into the eugenics movement starting in the late nineteenth century, which has repercussions today. The desire to categorize people is inherently linked to extraordinary forms of violence and has been used in a pseudoscientific way to justify horrific social policy.How are museums dealing with this legacy of colonialism?There isn’t one museum that I would say is doing colonial history particularly well. But a lot of the research being done in natural history museums is, partly, understanding the true origins of the collections and who really collected them.I bring up nineteenth-century naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in that context, because he was relatively good at giving credit to people that he was working with. Two Malay teenagers called Ali and Baderoon, in particular, helped him during his eight-year voyage to the Malay Archipelago. Out of the 125,000 specimens that we lazily say were ‘collected by Wallace’, we know he attributed many to other people. But the institutions of science decided to ignore that and give the credit to Wallace.Some museums have begun to repatriate human remains and artefacts. Should every collection be repatriated?The important question is, where does an object have the most meaning? It’s always going to be on a story-by-story basis. Take the thylacine, for example, the extinct Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus). There are nearly 800 specimens in museums around the world, and there are more in Australia, where they were native, than anywhere else. It is good that all of the thylacines aren’t in Australia. Because we talk about human-driven extinction in museums all around the world, that’s an important story — objects have power by being spread around.Why museums should repatriate fossilsBut there are no specimens of gorillas in museums in any of the gorilla’s home states. If anyone who studies gorillas in Central Africa wants to use museum collections, they have to go to another part of the world, which is not right. If a museum has many gorilla specimens, to repatriate some of them would be a good thing.

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Great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) are threatened by hunting and poaching.Credit: Education Images/Universal Images Group via GettyFifty years ago today, cinema-goers were scared out of their seats — as well as the ocean, and even swimming pools — with the US release of the film Jaws. Director Steven Spielberg’s creation entertained and terrified in equal measure, and brought about an enduring change in how we perceive sharks.David Shiffman is a marine conservation biologist based in Washington DC, and the author of Why Sharks Matter (2022). He spoke to Nature about how Jaws influenced the public perception of sharks and the importance of protecting marine life.How did Jaws affect the public’s opinion of sharks?There are some people who were afraid to even go into ankle-deep ocean water the summer Jaws came out. My mom says she didn’t want to go swimming at a pool. Around the same time, Star Wars came out, and no one was afraid that the Death Star was going to blow up Earth.A colleague of mine coined the ‘Jaws effect’, which is now used in public-policy literature to explain how fictional portrayals of real-world issues impact what voters want leaders to do about those issues.Has public opinion changed in the 50 years since Jaws was released?More people now love sharks, are aware of shark conservation and want to help sharks than ever before. But there’s still widespread fear, and in some cases it’s quite pseudoscientific in nature.How do these negative perceptions influence shark conservation?Sharks were swimming in the ocean before there were trees on land and before Saturn had its rings. And in the past 50 years, they’ve experienced some of the worst population declines in their 400-million-year-plus history.Unsustainable fishing practices are the largest threat to marine biodiversity. To save the ocean as a whole, including but not limited to sharks, we need to do more sustainable fisheries management. Scientists and environmental advocates in many cases know what we should do, but we’re not the ones in charge. We need to convince policymakers to make changes to conservation policy, and that requires public support.When fear and panic aren’t ruling our emotions, it’s clear that we should be trying to protect these animals, not trying to eradicate them.The film Jaws was released in the United States on 20 June 1975.Credit: Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Why is shark conservation so important?Humans depend on the oceans, which provide billions of people with a major source of food and tens of millions with employment and job security. To have a healthy food chain, you need to have a healthy top of the food chain. When we lose predators, the whole system can unravel.How can we change public opinion on sharks?Part of the problem is that most people hear about sharks only in the context of inflammatory media coverage or pseudoscientific nonsense.Yearly, more people are bitten by other people on the New York City subway system than are bitten by sharks in the whole world.The media and popular press definitely have a role to play. It would be great if they would educate about real things or at the very least stop saying nonsense.

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Download the Nature Podcast 18 June 2025We’d like to learn more about our listeners, please help us out by filling in this short survey.In this episode:00:45 The tiny moths that use the stars to navigateBogong moths use the stars to help them navigate during their enormous migration across Australia, according to new research. Every year, billions of these nocturnal moths travel up to 1,000 km to cool caves in the Australian Alps, despite having never been there before. By placing moths in a flight-simulator that also acted as a planetarium, the team behind the work showed that moths could use the bright Milky Way to help them fly in the correct direction.Research article: Dreyer et al.News: These moths use the stars to navigate on an epic migration10:17 Research HighlightsNigeria’s pangolins are under threat because their meat is delicious, and how the gravitational pull of other galaxies may prevent the Milky Way colliding with Andromeda.Research Highlight: Why pangolins are poached: they’re the tastiest animal aroundResearch Highlight: A long-predicted cosmic collision might not happen after all12:37 How humans expanded their habitats before migrating out of AfricaNew research suggests that shortly before modern humans successfully migrated out of Africa, they massively expanded the range of ecosystems they lived in. By combining climate modelling with data from archaeological sites across the African continent, researchers put forward evidence that 70,000 years ago, humans expanded the ecosystems they lived in to include diverse habitat types from forests to deserts. The authors suggest this ability to live in different places may have helped the later humans that migrated out of the continent around 50,000 years ago.Research article: Hallet et al.21:59 Briefing ChatBlowing bubble-rings could be humpback whales’ way of trying to communicate with humans, and the research suggesting that everyone’s breathing pattern is unique.Science Alert: Humpback Whale Bubble Rings May Be an Attempt to Communicate With UsNature: How you breathe is like a fingerprint that can identify youSubscribe to Nature Briefing, an unmissable daily round-up of science news, opinion and analysis free in your inbox every weekday.Never miss an episode. Subscribe to the Nature Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube Music or your favourite podcast app. An RSS feed for the Nature Podcast is available too. More

“I work for a sanctuary in Zambia that rehabilitates pangolins saved from illegal trade. The exact location is secret, and I’m staying anonymous for this interview. The poachers, who are usually armed, could target me or follow me to the sanctuary. Only my parents know what I do.Pangolins are worth a lot of money on the black market for their scales, which are believed to bring luck and are used in traditional medicine in Africa and Asia. The poachers use sharp tools, and some of the animals are missing legs or their tails. Others are very young and have to be hand-reared.There are two types of pangolin in Zambia, the ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) and the tree pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis). In the picture, taken in March this year, I’m holding a ground pangolin; it’s less than two years old and was in poor condition when it arrived.I’ve been doing this job for two years, living in the sanctuary for seven days at a time with a few days’ rest in between. Pangolins in captivity will often starve themselves if they’re in pain or stressed. They’re picky eaters, so I have to work out what each individual likes. I need to monitor that they’re putting on weight. It’s hard work.

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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT
13 June 2025

Trafficking of scales for traditional medicine plays a relatively small part in the hunting of pangolins in Nigeria. More

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When food is scarce, tiny roundworms climb on top of each other and form towers, allowing them to search for nutrients by hitching rides on larger animals1.

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color: #222;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
}
.BuyBoxSection .vat-buybox {
display: block;
margin-top: 5px;
margin-right: 20%;
margin-left: 20%;
font-size: 11px;
color: #222;
padding-top: 10px;
padding-bottom: 15px;
text-align: center;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 17px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .tax-buybox {
display: block;
width: 100%;
color: #222;
padding: 20px 16px;
text-align: center;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: NaNpx;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-container {
display: flex;
padding-right: 20px;
padding-left: 20px;
justify-content: center;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-container > * {
flex: 1px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-container > a:hover,
.Button-505204839:hover,
.Button-1078489254:hover,
.Button-2737859108:hover {
text-decoration: none;
}
.BuyBoxSection .btn-secondary {
background: #fff;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-asia {
background: #069;
border: 1px solid #069;
border-radius: 0;
cursor: pointer;
display: block;
padding: 9px;
outline: 0;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
min-width: 80px;
margin-top: 75px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-label-asia,
.ButtonLabel-3869432492,
.ButtonLabel-3296148077,
.ButtonLabel-1636778223 {
display: block;
color: #fff;
font-size: 17px;
line-height: 20px;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
cursor: pointer;
}
.Button-505204839,
.Button-1078489254,
.Button-2737859108 {
background: #069;
border: 1px solid #069;
border-radius: 0;
cursor: pointer;
display: block;
padding: 9px;
outline: 0;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
min-width: 80px;
max-width: 320px;
margin-top: 20px;
}
.Button-505204839 .btn-secondary-label,
.Button-1078489254 .btn-secondary-label,
.Button-2737859108 .btn-secondary-label {
color: #069;
}
.uList-2102244549 {
list-style: none;
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
/* style specs end */

Additional access options:

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-025-01803-8

References

Subjects

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Then COVID-19 came. There were no assignments on conservation photography for me to work on. I had never done conventional news journalism before, but I started photographing impacts of the pandemic in Thailand. And a friend whose non-governmental organization worked closely with the human-rights group Amnesty International asked me to help cover anti-government protests in Thailand in 2020.
Because I didn’t have any other source of income, I took photos every single day. When I covered the protests in Bangkok, I was running around and getting shot at with rubber bullets and tear gas — but the time I spent during that period helped to sharpen my journalism skills. After that, I was recruited for more news coverage, and I still do that: in April, I was in Bangkok covering the earthquake that struck Myanmar on 28 March.
However, my speciality is marine stories, particularly those involving underwater photography. I got my scuba certification before I finished university, and by then I had completed many dives. To learn about underwater photography, I did a lot of online reading and, if I saw other people doing it, I would ask questions. More