Philippa Kaur

1.Pan, Y. et al. Science 333, 988–993 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Vanhaven, H. et al. (eds) Making Boreal Forests Work for People and Nature (IUFRO, 2012); https://www.iufro.org3.Stokland, J. N. For. Ecol. Manage. 488, 119017 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Snäll et al. Nat. Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00764-w (2021).5.Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration (IPBES, 2018).6.Felipe-Lucia, M. R. et al. Nat. Commun. 9, 4839 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Gamfeldt, L. et al. Nat. Commun. 4, 1340 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Holland, R. A. et al. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 3285–3294 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.National Forest Inventory: National Forest Monitoring (FAO, 2021); http://www.fao.org/national-forest-monitoring/areas-of-work/nfi/en/10.Simons, N. K. et al. For. Ecosyst. 8, 5 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Sweden’s Forest Industry in Brief (FIS, 2021).12.Triviño, M. et al. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 61–70 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.von Humboldt, A. Ansichten der Natur mit Wissenschaftlichen Erlauterungen (J.G. Cotta, 1808).2.Perrigo, A., Hoorn, C. & Antonelli, A. Why mountains matter for biodiversity. J. Biogeogr. 47, 315–325 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Badgley, C. et al. Biodiversity and topographic complexity: modern and geohistorical perspectives. Trends Ecol. Evol. 32, 211–226 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Rahbek, C. et al. Building mountain biodiversity: geological and evolutionary processes. Science 365, 1114–1119 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Steinbauer, M. J. et al. Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 25, 1097–1107 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Fjeldså, J., Bowie, R. C. K. & Rahbek, C. The role of mountain ranges in the diversification of birds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 43, 249–265 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Hughes, C. & Eastwood, R. Island radiation on a continental scale: exceptional rates of plant diversification after uplift of the Andes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10334–10339 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Antonelli, A. et al. Geological and climatic influences on mountain biodiversity. Nat. Geosci. 11, 718–725 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Quintero, I. & Jetz, W. Global elevational diversity and diversification of birds. Nature 555, 246–250 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., West, G. B. & Brown, J. H. The rate of DNA evolution: effects of body size and temperature on the molecular clock. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 140–145 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
11.Martin, A. P. & Palumbi, S. R. Body size, metabolic rate, generation time, and the molecular clock. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4087–4091 (1993).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Rohde, K. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65, 514–527 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Allen, A. P., Gillooly, J. F., Savage, V. M. & Brown, J. H. Kinetic effects of temperature on rates of genetic divergence and speciation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 9130–9135 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Rabosky, D. L. et al. An inverse latitudinal gradient in speciation rate for marine fishes. Nature 559, 392–395 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
15.Igea, J. & Tanentzap, A. J. Angiosperm speciation cools down in the tropics. Ecol. Lett. 23, 692–700 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Schluter, D. Speciation, ecological opportunity, and latitude (American Society of Naturalists address). Am. Nat. 187, 1–18 (2016).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
17.Anderson, K. J. & Jetz, W. The broad-scale ecology of energy expenditure of endotherms. Ecol. Lett. 8, 310–318 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Clarke, A. & Gaston, K. J. Climate, energy and diversity. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 2257–2266 (2006).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Dowle, E. J., Morgan-Richards, M. & Trewick, S. A. Molecular evolution and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient. Heredity 110, 501–510 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Brown, J. H. Why are there so many species in the tropics? J. Biogeogr. 41, 8–22 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Stevens, G. C. The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how so many species coexist in the tropics. Am. Nat. 133, 240–256 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Boucher-Lalonde, V. & Currie, D. J. Spatial autocorrelation can generate stronger correlations between range size and climatic niches than the biological signal — a demonstration using bird and mammal range maps. PLoS One 11, e0166243 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
23.Cutter, A. D. & Gray, J. C. Ephemeral ecological speciation and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient. Evolution 70, 2171–2185 (2016).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
24.Morales‐Barbero, J., Martinez, P. A., Ferrer‐Castán, D. & Olalla‐Tárraga, M. Á. Quaternary refugia are associated with higher speciation rates in mammalian faunas of the Western Palaearctic. Ecography 41, 607–621 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Xing, Y. & Ree, R. H. Uplift-driven diversification in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E3444–E3451 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Lagomarsino, L. P., Condamine, F. L., Antonelli, A., Mulch, A. & Davis, C. C. The abiotic and biotic drivers of rapid diversification in Andean bellflowers (Campanulaceae). New Phytol. 210, 1430–1442 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Testo, W. L., Sessa, E. & Barrington, D. S. The rise of the Andes promoted rapid diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae). New Phytol. 222, 604–613 (2019).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
28.Dowsett, H. et al. The PRISM4 (mid-Piacenzian) paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Climate 12, 1519–1538 (2016).
Google Scholar 
29.Hartley, A. J. Andean uplift and climate change. J. Geol. Soc. 160, 7–10 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Aron, P. G. & Poulsen, C. J. in Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity (eds Hoorn, C., Perrugi, A. & Antonelli, A.) Ch. 8 (2018).31.Hewitt, G. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405, 907–913 (2000).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
32.Wallis, G. P., Waters, J. M., Upton, P. & Craw, D. Transverse Alpine speciation driven by glaciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 916–926 (2016).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Luebert, F. & Muller, L. A. H. Effects of mountain formation and uplift on biological diversity. Front. Genet. 6, 54 (2015).34.Huang, S., Meijers, M. J. M., Eyres, A., Mulch, A. & Fritz, S. A. Unravelling the history of biodiversity in mountain ranges through integrating geology and biogeography. J. Biogeogr. 46, 1777–1791 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Whittaker, R. J., Triantis, K. A. & Ladle, R. J. A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography. J. Biogeogr. 35, 977–994 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Li, Y. et al. Climate and topography explain range sizes of terrestrial vertebrates. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 498–502 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Kisel, Y. & Barraclough, T. G. Speciation has a spatial scale that depends on levels of gene flow. Am. Nat. 175, 316–334 (2010).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Spooner, F. E. B., Pearson, R. G. & Freeman, R. Rapid warming is associated with population decline among terrestrial birds and mammals globally. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 4521–4531 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Rowley, D. B. & Garzione, C. N. Stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 35, 463–508 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Mulch, A. Stable isotope paleoaltimetry and the evolution of landscapes and life. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 433, 180–191 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Kuhn, T. S., Mooers, A. Ø. & Thomas, G. H. A simple polytomy resolver for dated phylogenies. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2, 427–436 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Rolland, J., Condamine, F. L., Jiguet, F. & Morlon, H. Faster speciation and reduced extinction in the tropics contribute to the mammalian latitudinal diversity gradient. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001775 (2014).43.Meredith, R. W. et al. Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg Extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334, 521–524 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
44.Britton, T., Anderson, C. L., Jacquet, D., Lundqvist, S. & Bremer, K. Estimating divergence times in large phylogenetic trees. Syst. Biol. 56, 741–752 (2007).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
45.Drummond, A. J. & Rambaut, A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 7, 214 (2007).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
46.Schliep, K. P. phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R. Bioinformatics 27, 592–593 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
47.Jetz, W., Thomas, G. H., Joy, J. B., Hartmann, K. & Mooers, A. O. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491, 444–448 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
48.Redding, D. W. & Mooers, A. Ø. Incorporating evolutionary measures into conservation prioritization. Conserv. Biol. 20, 1670–1678 (2006).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
49.Rabosky, D. L. Automatic detection of key innovations, rate shifts, and diversity-dependence on phylogenetic trees. PLoS One 9, e89543 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
50.Moore, B. R., Höhna, S., May, M. R., Rannala, B. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. Critically evaluating the theory and performance of Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 9569–9574 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Meyer, A. L. S., Román-Palacios, C. & Wiens, J. J. BAMM gives misleading rate estimates in simulated and empirical datasets. Evolution 72, 2257–2266 (2018).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
52.Rabosky, D. L., Mitchell, J. S. & Chang, J. Is BAMM flawed? Theoretical and practical concerns in the analysis of multi-rate diversification models. Syst. Biol. 66, 477–498 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Mitchell, J. S., Etienne, R. S. & Rabosky, D. L. Inferring diversification rate variation from phylogenies with fossils. Syst. Biol. 68, 1–18 (2019).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
54.Title, P. O. & Rabosky, D. L. Tip rates, phylogenies and diversification: what are we estimating, and how good are the estimates? Methods Ecol. Evol. 10, 821–834 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Louca, S. & Pennell, M. W. Extant timetrees are consistent with a myriad of diversification histories. Nature 580, 502–505 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
56.Amante, C. & Eakins, B. W. ETOPO1 Arc-minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24 (NOAA, 2009).57.Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965–1978 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Brown, J. L., Hill, D. J., Dolan, A. M., Carnaval, A. C. & Haywood, A. M. PaleoClim, high spatial resolution paleoclimate surfaces for global land areas. Sci. Data 5, 180254 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Lefcheck, J. S. piecewiseSEM: Piecewise structural equation modelling in R for ecology, evolution, and systematics. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 573–579 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Bivand, R. & Piras, G. Comparing implementations of estimation methods for spatial econometrics. J. Stat. Softw. 63, v063i18 (2015).
Google Scholar  More

1.Foley, J. A. et al. Global consequences of land use. Science 309, 570–574 (2005).CAS 

Google Scholar 
2.Carpenter, S. R. et al. Science for managing ecosystem services: beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1305–1312 (2009).CAS 

Google Scholar 
3.Nelson, E. et al. Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7, 4–11 (2009).
Google Scholar 
4.Maes, J. et al. An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Ecosyst. Serv. 17, 14–23 (2016).
Google Scholar 
5.Maes, J. et al. Mapping ecosystem services for policy support and decision making in the European Union. Ecosyst. Serv. 1, 31–39 (2012).
Google Scholar 
6.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis (Island Press, 2005).7.Summary for Policymakers. In Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019).8.Martínez-Harms, M. J. & Balvanera, P. Methods for mapping ecosystem service supply: a review. Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manage. 8, 17–25 (2012).
Google Scholar 
9.Hauck, J. et al. ‘Maps have an air of authority’: potential benefits and challenges of ecosystem service maps at different levels of decision making. Ecosyst. Serv. 4, 25–32 (2013).
Google Scholar 
10.Balvanera, P. et al. Conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Science 291, 2047 (2001).CAS 

Google Scholar 
11.Dick, J., Maes, J., Smith, R. I., Paracchini, M. L. & Zulian, G. Cross-scale analysis of ecosystem services identified and assessed at local and European level. Ecol. Indic. 38, 20–30 (2014).
Google Scholar 
12.UK National Ecosystem Assessment. The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. (UNEP-WCMC, 2011); http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/13.Orsi, F., Ciolli, M., Primmer, E., Varumo, L. & Geneletti, D. Mapping hotspots and bundles of forest ecosystem services across the European Union. Land Use Policy 99, 104840 (2020).
Google Scholar 
14.Holland, R. A. et al. The influence of temporal variation on relationships between ecosystem services. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 3285–3294 (2011).
Google Scholar 
15.Renard, D., Rhemtull, J. M. & Bennett, E. M. Historical dynamics in ecosystem service bundles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 13411–13416 (2015).CAS 

Google Scholar 
16.Rukundo, E. et al. Spatio-temporal dynamics of critical ecosystem services in response to agricultural expansion in Rwanda, East Africa. Ecol. Indic. 89, 696–705 (2018).
Google Scholar 
17.Stürck, J., Schulp, C. J. E. & Verburg, P. H. Spatio-temporal dynamics of regulating ecosystem services in Europe—the role of past and future land use change. Appl. Geogr. 63, 121–135 (2015).
Google Scholar 
18.Rau, A. L. et al. Temporal patterns in ecosystem services research: a review and three recommendations. Ambio 49, 1377–1393 (2020).
Google Scholar 
19.Sutherland, I. J., Bennett, E. M. & Gergel, S. E. Recovery trends for multiple ecosystem services reveal non-linear responses and long-term tradeoffs from temperate forest harvesting. For. Ecol. Manage. 374, 61–70 (2016).
Google Scholar 
20.Hansen, M. C., Stehman, S. V. & Potapov, P. V. Quantification of global gross forest cover loss. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 8650–8655 (2010).CAS 

Google Scholar 
21.Vanhanen, H. et al. Making Boreal Forests Work for People and Nature (IUFRO, 2012).22.Pan, Y. et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333, 988–993 (2011).CAS 

Google Scholar 
23.Moen, J. et al. Eye on the Taiga: removing global policy impediments to safeguard the boreal forest. Conserv. Lett. 7, 408–418 (2014).
Google Scholar 
24.Global Forest Industry (Swedish Forest Industries, 2019); https://www.forestindustries.se/forest-industry/statistics/global-forest-industry/25.Saastamoinen, O., Kangas, K. & Aho, H. The picking of wild berries in Finland in 1997 and 1998. Scand. J. For. Res. 15, 645–650 (2000).
Google Scholar 
26.Gamfeldt, L. et al. Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species. Nat. Commun. 4, 1340 (2013).
Google Scholar 
27.Hou, Y., Li, B., Müller, F., Fu, Q. & Chen, W. A conservation decision-making framework based on ecosystem service hotspot and interaction analyses on multiple scales. Sci. Total Environ. 643, 277–291 (2018).CAS 

Google Scholar 
28.Blumstein, M. & Thompson, J. R. Land-use impacts on the quantity and configuration of ecosystem service provisioning in Massachusetts, USA. J. Appl. Ecol. 52, 1009–1019 (2015).
Google Scholar 
29.Fernandez-Campo, M., Rodríguez-Morales, B., Dramstad, W. E., Fjellstad, W. & Diaz-Varela, E. R. Ecosystem services mapping for detection of bundles, synergies and trade-offs: examples from two Norwegian municipalities. Ecosyst. Serv. 28, 283–297 (2017).
Google Scholar 
30.Gissi, E., Fraschetti, S. & Micheli, F. Incorporating change in marine spatial planning: a review. Environ. Sci. Policy 92, 191–200 (2019).
Google Scholar 
31.Maxwell, S. M., Gjerde, K. M., Conners, M. G. & Crowder, L. B. Mobile protected areas for biodiversity on the high seas. Science 367, 252–254 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
32.Willcock, S. et al. Do ecosystem service maps and models meet stakeholders’ needs? A preliminary survey across sub-Saharan Africa. Ecosyst. Serv. 18, 110–117 (2016).
Google Scholar 
33.Jonsson, M., Bengtsson, J., Gamfeldt, L., Moen, J. & Snäll, T. Levels of forest ecosystem services depend on specific mixtures of commercial tree species. Nat. Plants 5, 141–147 (2019).
Google Scholar 
34.Pohjanmies, T. et al. Impacts of forestry on boreal forests: an ecosystem services perspective. Ambio 46, 743–755 (2017).
Google Scholar 
35.Miina, J., Hotanen, J.-P. & Salo, K. Modelling the abundance and temporal variation in the production of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Finnish mineral soil forests. Silva Fenn. 43, 577–593 (2009).
Google Scholar 
36.Hertel, A. G. et al. Berry production drives bottom–up effects on body mass and reproductive success in an omnivore. Oikos 127, 197–207 (2018).
Google Scholar 
37.Thiffault, E. Boreal forests and soils. Dev. Soil Sci. 36, 59–82 (2019).
Google Scholar 
38.Jonsson, M., Bengtsson, J., Moen, J., Gamfeldt, L. & Snäll, T. Stand age and climate influence forest ecosystem service delivery and multifunctionality. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 0940a8 (2020).
Google Scholar 
39.Stokland, J. N. Volume increment and carbon dynamics in boreal forest when extending the rotation length towards biologically old stands. For. Ecol. Manage. 488, 119017 (2021).
Google Scholar 
40.Harmon, M. E., Ferrell, W. K. & Franklin, J. F. Effects on carbon storage of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science 247, 699–702 (1990).CAS 

Google Scholar 
41.Mazziotta, A. et al. Applying a framework for landscape planning under climate change for the conservation of biodiversity in the Finnish boreal forest. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 637–651 (2015).
Google Scholar 
42.Triviño, M. et al. Optimizing management to enhance multifunctionality in a boreal forest landscape. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 61–70 (2017).
Google Scholar 
43.Qiu, J. & Turner, M. G. Spatial interactions among ecosystem services in an urbanizing agricultural watershed. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 12149–12154 (2013).CAS 

Google Scholar 
44.Felipe-Lucia, M. R. et al. Multiple forest attributes underpin the supply of multiple ecosystem services. Nat. Commun. 9, 4839 (2018).
Google Scholar 
45.Eggers, J., Räty, M., Öhman, K. & Snäll, T. How well do stakeholder-defined forest management scenarios balance economic and ecological forest values? Forests 11, 86 (2020).
Google Scholar 
46.Eyvindson, K., Repo, A. & Mönkkönen, M. Mitigating forest biodiversity and ecosystem service losses in the era of bio-based economy. For. Policy Econ. 92, 119–127 (2018).
Google Scholar 
47.Rusch, A., Bommarco, R., Jonsson, M., Smith, H. G. & Ekbom, B. Flow and stability of natural pest control services depend on complexity and crop rotation at the landscape scale. J. Appl. Ecol. 50, 345–354 (2013).
Google Scholar 
48.Schipanski, M. E. et al. A framework for evaluating ecosystem services provided by cover crops in agroecosystems. Agric. Syst. 125, 12–22 (2014).
Google Scholar 
49.Hufnagel, J., Reckling, M. & Ewert, F. Diverse approaches to crop diversification in agricultural research. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 40, 14 (2020).
Google Scholar 
50.Guerry, A. D. et al. Modeling benefits from nature: using ecosystem services to inform coastal and marine spatial planning. Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manage. 8, 107–121 (2012).
Google Scholar 
51.Wikström, P. et al. The Heureka Forestry Decision Support System: An Overview. Math. Comput. For Nat.-Resour. Sci. 3, 87–94 (2011).
Google Scholar 
52.Forest Statistics (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2020).53.Eriksson, A., Snäll, T. & Harrison, P. J. Analys av miljöförhållanden ‐ SKA 15. Report 11 (Swedish Forest Agency, 2015).54.Axelsson, A.-L. et al. in National Forest Inventories—Pathways for Common Reporting (eds Tomppo, E. et al.) 541–553 (Springer, 2010).55.Marklund, L. G. Biomass Functions for Pine, Spruce and Birch in Sweden (1988).56.Petersson, H. & Ståhl, G. Functions for below-ground biomass of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in Sweden. Scand. J. For. Res. 21, 24–83 (2006).
Google Scholar 
57.Miina, J., Pukkala, T. & Kurttila, M. Optimal multi-product management of stands producing timber and wild berries. Eur. J. For. Res. 135, 781–794 (2016).
Google Scholar 
58.Schröter, M. & Remme, R. P. Spatial prioritisation for conserving ecosystem services: comparing hotspots with heuristic optimisation. Landsc. Ecol. 31, 431–450 (2016).
Google Scholar 
59.Wu, J., Feng, Z., Gao, Y. & Peng, J. Hotspot and relationship identification in multiple landscape services: a case study on an area with intensive human activities. Ecol. Indic. 29, 529–537 (2013).CAS 

Google Scholar 
60.Akaike, H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr. 19, 716–723 (1974).
Google Scholar 
61.R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Development Core Team, 2014); https://www.R-project.org/ More

These authors contributed equally: Celso H. L. Silva Junior, Nathália S. Carvalho, Ana C. M. Pessôa.Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (TREES), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, BrazilCelso H. L. Silva Junior, Nathália S. Carvalho, Ana C. M. Pessôa, João B. C. Reis, Aline Pontes-Lopes, Juan Doblas, Wesley Campanharo, Henrique Cassol, Yosio E. Shimabukuro, Liana O. Anderson & Luiz E. O. C. AragãoInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, BrazilCelso H. L. Silva Junior, Nathália S. Carvalho, Ana C. M. Pessôa, Aline Pontes-Lopes, Juan Doblas, Wesley Campanharo, Henrique Cassol, Luciana Gatti, Ana P. Aguiar, Yosio E. Shimabukuro & Luiz E. O. C. AragãoUniversidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, Maranhão, BrazilCelso H. L. Silva JuniorCentro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, BrazilJoão B. C. Reis & Liana O. AndersonUniversity of Bristol, Bristol, UKViola Heinrich & Joanna HouseInstituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasília, Distrito Federal, BrazilAne Alencar, Camila Silva & Paulo BrandoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, BrazilDavid M. LapolaEcología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas (ECOLMOD), Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL), Bogota, ColombiaDolors ArmenterasUniversidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, BrazilEraldo A. T. MatricardiUniversity of Oxford, Oxford, UKErika BerenguerLancaster University, Lancaster, UKCamila Silva, Erika Berenguer & Jos BarlowSouth Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USAIzaya NumataEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, BrazilJoice FerreiraUniversity of California, Irvine, CA, USAPaulo BrandoWoodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USAPaulo BrandoInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, BrazilPhilip M. FearnsideJet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA, USASassan SaatchiUniversity of California, Los Angeles, CA, USASassan SaatchiUniversidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, BrazilSonaira SilvaUniversity of Exeter, Exeter, UKStephen Sitch & Luiz E. O. C. AragãoStockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenAna P. AguiarSchool of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USACarlos A. SilvaEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, ItalyChristelle Vancutsem, Frédéric Achard & René BeuchleCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, IndonesiaChristelle Vancutsem More

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain
the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in
Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles
and JavaScript. More

NATURE PODCAST
01 September 2021

Dead trees play an under-appreciated role in climate change

How insects help release carbon stored in forests, and the upcoming biodiversity summit COP 15.

Shamini Bundell

&

Nick Petrić Howe

Shamini Bundell

View author publications

You can also search for this author in PubMed
 Google Scholar

Nick Petrić Howe

View author publications

You can also search for this author in PubMed
 Google Scholar

Share on Twitter
Share on Twitter

Share on Facebook
Share on Facebook

Share via E-Mail
Share via E-Mail

Subscribe
iTunesGoogle PodcastacastRSS

Hear the latest science news, with Shamini Bundell and Nick Petrić Howe.

Your browser does not support the audio element.

Download MP3

In this episode:00:44 Fungi, insects, dead trees and the carbon cycleAcross the world forests play a huge role in the carbon cycle, removing enormous amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But when those trees die, some of that carbon goes back into the air. A new project studies how fast dead wood breaks down in different conditions, and the important role played by insects.Research Article: Seibold et al.09:37 Research HighlightsMassive stars make bigger planets, and melting ice moves continents.Research Highlight: Why gassy planets are bigger around more-massive starsResearch Highlight: So much ice is melting that Earth’s crust is moving12:04 The UN’s Convention on Biological DiversityAfter several delays, the fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, is now slated to take place next year. Even communicating the issues surrounding biodiversity loss has been a challenge, and reaching the targets due to be set at the upcoming meeting will be an even bigger one.Editorial: The scientific panel on biodiversity needs a bigger role 19:32 Briefing ChatWe discuss some highlights from the Nature Briefing. This time, cannibal cane toads and a pterosaur fossil rescued from smugglers.News: Australia’s cane toads evolved as cannibals with frightening speedResearch Highlight: A plundered pterosaur reveals the extinct flyer’s extreme headgearNational Geographic: Stunning fossil seized in police raid reveals prehistoric flying reptile’s secretsSubscribe to Nature Briefing, an unmissable daily round-up of science news, opinion and analysis free in your inbox every weekday.Never miss an episode: Subscribe to the Nature Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify or your favourite podcast app. Head here for the Nature Podcast RSS feed.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02391-z

Related Articles

Read the paper: The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition

The world’s scientific panel on biodiversity needs a bigger role

Subjects

Environmental sciences

Biodiversity

Latest on:

Environmental sciences

Australian bush fires and fuel loads
Correspondence 31 AUG 21

Boost for Africa’s research must protect its biodiversity
Correspondence 31 AUG 21

The world’s scientific panel on biodiversity needs a bigger role
Editorial 31 AUG 21

Biodiversity

How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity
Article 01 SEP 21

The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition
Article 01 SEP 21

Boost for Africa’s research must protect its biodiversity
Correspondence 31 AUG 21

Jobs

Postdoctoral Research Fellow

Harvard Medical School (HMS)
Boston, MA, United States

Postdoctoral Scientist

The Pirbright Institute
Pirbright, United Kingdom

Clinician Scientist Group Leader

Francis Crick Institute
London, United Kingdom

PostDoc Position “Sea ice geometry (IceScan project)” (m/f/d)

Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)
Bremerhaven, Germany

Nature Briefing
An essential round-up of science news, opinion and analysis, delivered to your inbox every weekday.

Email address

Yes! Sign me up to receive the daily Nature Briefing email. I agree my information will be processed in accordance with the Nature and Springer Nature Limited Privacy Policy.

Sign up More

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain
the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in
Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles
and JavaScript. More

1.Pan, Y. et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333, 988–993 (2011).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
2.Bradford, M. A. et al. Climate fails to predict wood decomposition at regional scales. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 625–630 (2014).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
3.Chambers, J. Q., Higuchi, N., Schimel, J. P. J., Ferreira, L. V. & Melack, J. M. Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon. Oecologia 122, 380–388 (2000).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
4.González, G. et al. Decay of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) wood in moist and dry boreal, temperate, and tropical forest fragments. Ambio 37, 588–597 (2008).
Google Scholar 
5.Stokland, J., Siitonen, J. & Jonsson, B. G. Biodiversity in Dead Wood (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012).6.Lustenhouwer, N. et al. A trait-based understanding of wood decomposition by fungi. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 11551–11558 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
7.Ulyshen, M. D. Wood decomposition as influenced by invertebrates. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 91, 70–85 (2016).
Google Scholar 
8.Pretzsch, H., Biber, P., Schütze, G., Uhl, E. & Rötzer, T. Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nat. Commun. 5, 4967 (2014).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
9.Büntgen, U. et al. Limited capacity of tree growth to mitigate the global greenhouse effect under predicted warming. Nat. Commun. 10, 2171 (2019).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
10.Seidl, R. et al. Forest disturbances under climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 395–402 (2017).ADS 

Google Scholar 
11.Hubau, W. et al. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature 579, 80–87 (2020).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
12.Portillo-Estrada, M. et al. Climatic controls on leaf litter decomposition across European forests and grasslands revealed by reciprocal litter transplantation experiments. Biogeosciences 13, 1621–1633 (2016).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
13.Christenson, L. et al. Winter climate change influences on soil faunal distribution and abundance: implications for decomposition in the northern forest. Northeast. Nat. 24, B209–B234 (2017).
Google Scholar 
14.Keenan, T. F. et al. Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise. Nature 499, 324–327 (2013).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
15.Stephenson, N. L. et al. Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature 507, 90–93 (2014).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
16.Martin, A., Dimke, G., Doraisami, M. & Thomas, S. Carbon fractions in the world’s dead wood. Nat. Commun. 12, 889 (2021).17.Friedlingstein, P. et al. Global carbon budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1783–1838 (2019).ADS 

Google Scholar 
18.Marshall, D. J., Pettersen, A. K., Bode, M. & White, C. R. Developmental cost theory predicts thermal environment and vulnerability to global warming. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 406–411 (2020).
Google Scholar 
19.Buczkowski, G. & Bertelsmeier, C. Invasive termites in a changing climate: a global perspective. Ecol. Evol. 7, 974–985 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
20.Diaz, S., Settele, J. & Brondizio, E. Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovermental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019).21.van Klink, R. et al. Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial but increases in freshwater insect abundances. Science 368, 417–420 (2020).ADS 

Google Scholar 
22.Seibold, S. et al. Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers. Nature 574, 671–674 (2019).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
23.Harris, N. L. et al. Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 234–240 (2021).ADS 

Google Scholar 
24.Jacobsen, R. M., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Kauserud, H., Mundra, S. & Birkemoe, T. Exclusion of invertebrates influences saprotrophic fungal community and wood decay rate in an experimental field study. Funct. Ecol. 32, 2571–2582 (2018).
Google Scholar 
25.Skelton, J. et al. Fungal symbionts of bark and ambrosia beetles can suppress decomposition of pine sapwood by competing with wood-decay fungi. Fungal Ecol. 45, 100926 (2020).
Google Scholar 
26.Wu, D., Seibold, S., Ruan, Z., Weng, C. & Yu, M. Island size affects wood decomposition by changing decomposer distribution. Ecography 44, 456–468 (2021).
Google Scholar 
27.Harmon, M. E. et al. Release of coarse woody detritus-related carbon: a synthesis across forest biomes. Carbon Balance Manag. 15, 1 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
28.Wall, D. H. et al. Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent. Glob. Change Biol. 14, 2661–2677 (2008).ADS 

Google Scholar 
29.Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., Savage, V. M. & Charnov, E. L. Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 293, 2248–2251 (2001).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
30.Baldrian, P. et al. Responses of the extracellular enzyme activities in hardwood forest to soil temperature and seasonality and the potential effects of climate change. Soil Biol. Biochem. 56, 60–68 (2013).CAS 

Google Scholar 
31.A’Bear, A. D., Jones, T. H., Kandeler, E. & Boddy, L. Interactive effects of temperature and soil moisture on fungal-mediated wood decomposition and extracellular enzyme activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 70, 151–158 (2014).
Google Scholar 
32.IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (IPCC, 2014).33.Smyth, C. E., Kurz, W. A., Trofymow, J. A. & CIDET Working Group. Including the effects of water stress on decomposition in the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector CBM-CFS3. Ecol. Modell. 222, 1080–1091 (2011).
Google Scholar 
34.Weedon, J. T. et al. Global meta-analysis of wood decomposition rates: a role for trait variation among tree species? Ecol. Lett. 12, 45–56 (2009).
Google Scholar 
35.Griffiths, H. M., Ashton, L. A., Evans, T. A., Parr, C. L. & Eggleton, P. Termites can decompose more than half of deadwood in tropical rainforest. Curr. Biol. 29, R118–R119 (2019).CAS 

Google Scholar 
36.Birkemoe, T., Jacobsen, R. M., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A. & Biedermann, P. H. W. in Saproxylic Insects (ed. Ulyshen, M. D.) 377–427 (Springer, 2018).37.Harvell, M. C. E. et al. Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296, 2158–2162 (2002).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
38.Berkov, A. in Saproxylic Insects (ed. Ulyshen, M. D.) 547–580 (Springer, 2018).39.Wang, C., Bond-Lamberty, B. & Gower, S. T. Environmental controls on carbon dioxide flux from black spruce coarse woody debris. Oecologia 132, 374–381 (2002).ADS 

Google Scholar 
40.Peršoh, D. & Borken, W. Impact of woody debris of different tree species on the microbial activity and community of an underlying organic horizon. Soil Biol. Biochem. 115, 516–525 (2017).
Google Scholar 
41.Campbell, J., Donato, D., Azuma, D. & Law, B. Pyrogenic carbon emission from a large wildfire in Oregon, United States. J. Geophys. Res. 112, G04014 (2007).ADS 

Google Scholar 
42.van Leeuwen, T. T. et al. Biomass burning fuel consumption rates: a field measurement database. Biogeosciences 11, 7305–7329 (2014).ADS 

Google Scholar 
43.McDowell, N. G. et al. Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world. Science 368, eaaz9463 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
44.Ulyshen, M. D. & Wagner, T. L. Quantifying arthropod contributions to wood decay. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 345–352 (2013).
Google Scholar 
45.Bässler, C., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Karasch, P., Brandl, R. & Halbwachs, H. Ectomycorrhizal fungi have larger fruit bodies than saprotrophic fungi. Fungal Ecol. 17, 205–212 (2015).
Google Scholar 
46.Ryvarden, L. & Gilbertson, R. L. The Polyporaceae of Europe (Fungiflora, 1994).47.Eriksson, J. & Ryvarden, L. The Corticiaceae of North Europe Parts 1–8 (Fungiflora, 1987).48.Boddy, L., Hynes, J., Bebber, D. P. & Fricker, M. D. Saprotrophic cord systems: dispersal mechanisms in space and time. Mycoscience 50, 9–19 (2009).
Google Scholar 
49.Moore, D. Fungal Morphogenesis (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).50.Clemencon, H. Anatomy of the Hymenomycetes (Univ. Lausanne, 1997).51.R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).52.Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 4302–4315 (2017).
Google Scholar 
53.Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Google Scholar 
54.Wood, S. N. Generalized Additive Models: an Introduction with R 2nd edn (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017).55.Robinson, D. Implications of a large global root biomass for carbon sink estimates and for soil carbon dynamics. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 2753–2759 (2007).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
56.Food and Agriculture Organization. Global Ecological Zones for FAO Forest Reporting: 2010 Update, Forest Resource Assessment Working Paper (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012).57.Food and Agriculture Organization. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016).58.Christensen, M. et al. Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves. For. Eco. Man. 210, 267–282 (2005).
Google Scholar 
59.Kobayashi, T. et al. Production of global land cover data – GLCNMO2013. J. Geogr. Geol. 9, 1–15 (2017).
Google Scholar 
60.Harmon, M. E., Woodall, C. W., Fasth, B., Sexton, J. & Yatkov, M. Differences between Standing and Downed Dead Tree Wood Density Reduction Factors: A Comparison across Decay Classes and Tree Species Research Paper NRS-15 (US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2011).61.Hararuk, O., Kurz, W. A. & Didion, M. Dynamics of dead wood decay in Swiss forests. For. Ecosyst. 7, 36 (2020).
Google Scholar 
62.Gora, E. M., Kneale, R. C., Larjavaara, M. & Muller-Landau, H. C. Dead wood necromass in a moist tropical forest: stocks, fluxes, and spatiotemporal variability. Ecosystems 22, 1189–1205 (2019).CAS 

Google Scholar 
63.Hérault, B. et al. Modeling decay rates of dead wood in a neotropical forest. Oecologia 164, 243–251 (2010).ADS 

Google Scholar 
64.Thünen-Institut für Waldökosysteme. Der Wald in Deutschland – Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der dritten Bundeswaldinventur (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, 2014).65.Puletti, N. et al. A dataset of forest volume deadwood estimates for Europe. Ann. For. Sci. 76, 68 (2019).
Google Scholar 
66.Richardson, S. J. et al. Deadwood in New Zealand’s indigenous forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 258, 2456–2466 (2009).
Google Scholar 
67.Shorohova, E. & Kapitsa, E. Stand and landscape scale variability in the amount and diversity of coarse woody debris in primeval European boreal forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 356, 273–284 (2015).
Google Scholar 
68.Szymañski, C., Fontana, G. & Sanguinetti, J. Natural and anthropogenic influences on coarse woody debris stocks in Nothofagus–Araucaria forests of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Austral Ecol. 42, 48–60 (2017).
Google Scholar 
69.Link, K. G. et al. A local and global sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model of coagulation and platelet deposition under flow. PLoS One 13, e0200917 (2018).70.Saugier, B., Roy, J. & Mooney, H. A. in Terrestrial Global Productivity (eds J. Roy, B. Saugier & H. A. Mooney) 543–557 (Academic Press, 2001). More