Ecology

1. Archer, M. E. The Vespoid wasps (Tiphiidae, Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Scoliidae and Vespidae) of the British Isles. Handbooks for the identification of British insects, volume 6, part 6. (Royal Entomological Society, 2014). 2. Bogdanowicz, W., Chudzicka, E., Pilipiuk, I. & Skibińska, E. Fauna of Poland – Characteristics and checklist of species, volume 1 (in Polish). […] More

Data collection For the purpose of this study, disease incidence is defined as the number of CBS positive fruit (hard spot symptoms)/total number of fruits examined, and disease severity is defined as the percentage of fruit surface covered by hard spot lesions. The disease incidence and severity of CBS was examined over a 3-year period […] More

1. Relyea, R. A. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82, 523–540 (2001). Article Google Scholar 2. Apfelbach, R., Blanchard, C. D., Blanchard, R. J., Hayes, R. A. & McGregor, I. S. The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies. […] More

NEWS AND VIEWS 28 January 2020 How Nature reported a controversy in 1970 over the harm caused by fallout from nuclear testing, and a 1920 call to end the trade in exotic bird plumage. 50 Years Ago If anyone doubted that pollution has now usurped the place of original sin in the public consciousness, he […] More

Sample material In this study, we selected complex geochemical mixtures of various nature (marine, terrestrial, man-altered) and with a high diversity in their properties. The sampling area and optical properties of water samples collected in Fiordland National Park (NZ) was previously described in detail37,48. Samples were collected at various depths within Doubtful sound, Dusky sound and […] More

1. Buck, K. N., Lohan, M. C., Berger, C. J. M. & Bruland, K. W. Dissolved iron speciation in two distinct river plumes and an estuary: implications for riverine iron supply. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 843–855 (2007). 2. Figuères, G., Martin, J. M. & Meybeck, M. Iron behaviour in the Zaire estuary. Neth. J. Sea Res. […] More

1. Pepin, N. et al. Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world. Nature Climate Change 5, 424 (2015). 2. Jurasinski, G. & Kreyling, J. Upward shift of alpine plants increases floristic similarity of mountain summits. Journal of Vegetation Science 18, 711–718 (2007). Article Google Scholar 3. Dullinger, S. et al. Extinction debt of high-mountain […] More

Observing micro-structures and hemolymph flow in wings Vanessa cardui, Satyrium caryaevorus, and Parrhasius m-album butterflies were anesthetized with CO2 and scales were carefully removed from both sides of the wings with a paintbrush. Each specimen was then secured using a low melting temperature wax to two microscope slides, one on either side of the body […] More