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Distribution of nitrogen-cycling pathways in groundwaterDifferences in nitrogen-cycling processes based on oxygen and nitrate concentrationsSixteen metagenomes (Table S4) were obtained from duplicate wells at four sites (A–D) from two unconfined alluvial aquifers (Canterbury, Fig. S1). These sites encompassed varied nitrate (0.45–12.6 g/m3), DO (0.37–7.5 mg/L), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (0–26 g/m3) concentrations (Fig. 1A; Table S1). Nitrate concentrations were pristine (site C) to N-contaminated (sites A, B, D) [4]. Sites A–C were oxic and had low DOC (typical of groundwaters), whereas site D was dysoxic with relatively high DOC. Metagenomes from groundwater wells comprised pairs, representing the planktonic and sediment-attached fractions. Over 70 Gbp of raw sequence was generated per site (390 Gbp overall, 322 Gbp trimmed). However, 2Kb long and only 0.64–8.14% of reads (3.8% on average) mapped to MAGs (Table S4), reflecting the complexity of microbial communities in the terrestrial subsurface [11]. To capture this diversity, metagenomic reads are first used here to determine the distribution of N metabolisms.Fig. 1: Geochemistry and protein-coding sequences (based on reads) involved in nitrogen cycling that are significantly different among sites used for metagenomics.A Bar plots showing geochemical data from groundwater samples, coloured according to site. Solid bar colour = groundwater samples. Grid lines = attached-fraction enriched groundwater. All samples from site D were characterized as dysoxic, although gwj15-16 contained 0.37 mg/L DO, which are near suboxic levels (i.e. More

All crops have been modified through some form of improvement, whether to enhance yield, taste, resilience or another factor. My passion is to continue accelerating the development of crop varieties that are more resistant to climate change and pests. This will make food supplies more secure and will also improve the quality of life for small-hold farmers in Africa and Asia, whose livelihoods can be devastated by crop failure.The goal of crop breeding is not only to develop new varieties, but also to produce genetically superior parents with a range of desirable traits that will be useful in future generations. Complex traits, such as yield or climate resilience, are often regulated by many genes. To speed up crop breeding for those traits, we use genomic data to select the best parental combinations, and then cameras and digital tools to identify the best progeny.In this photo, I’m in a greenhouse in Peru owned by my employer, the International Potato Center (CIP), inspecting potential sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) breeding parents for cross-pollination. CIP is one of 13 gene banks and research facilities around the world, known collectively as One CGIAR, which protect and utilize crop genetic diversity. I’ve worked at CIP since 2016; before then, I worked in industry, where I developed crops such as drought-tolerant corn hybrids.Because potatoes don’t have seeds that can be preserved for decades, we must reproduce them by growing small parts of plant organs, such as a root, a tuber or part of a stem, in tissue culture. Nearly 85% of the unique potato populations stored at CIP are also cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen to maintain a long-term backup.I can’t think of a nobler mission than working on food security. I hope that more young scientists — especially women — will focus their talents on crop breeding for the future. More

Nature Positive is an aspirational term that is increasingly being used by businesses, governments and NGOs, but there is a danger that its meaning is being diluted away from measurable overall net gain in biodiversity towards merely any action that benefits nature, argues E.J. Milner-Gulland.The term is appealing because it suggests an optimistic, intuitive and clear summary of where society needs to get to, and it can be used equally by business, government and civil society to describe their aspirations to protect and recover nature. However, once terms start gaining traction, particularly relatively general terms like Nature Positive, there is a risk of slippage and loss of meaning. It is already starting to feel like any actions that increase biodiversity anywhere, and by any amount, can be called Nature Positive. This trend has to be resisted. More

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SullivanFacultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, MexicoJaime Briseno-Reyes, José Javier Corral-Rivas & Daniel José Vega-NievaInstitute of Biology and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), GermanyHelge BruelheideGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyHelge BruelheideDevelopment Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NetherlandsErwin BulteRosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USAAnn Christine Catlin, Lev Gorenstein, Geoffrey Lentner & Xiao ZhuDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyRoberto Cazzolla GattiInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, SwitzerlandChelsea ChisholmIFER – Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech RepublicEmil CiencialaGlobal Change Research Institute of the CAS, Brno, Czech RepublicEmil CiencialaPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas CEP, Biologia, BrazilGabriel D. CollettaDirección Nacional de Bosques (DNB), Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MAyDS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaAnibal CuchiettiDepartment of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, NorwayAida Cuni-SanchezDepartment of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UKAida Cuni-SanchezDepartment of Environmental Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur, IndiaJavid A. DarDepartment of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Madhya Pradesh, IndiaJavid A. Dar & Subashree KothandaramanDepartment of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, IndiaJavid A. Dar, Subashree Kothandaraman, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy & Somaiah SundarapandianCentre for Structural and Functional Genomics & Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaSelvadurai DayanandanDepartment of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech RepublicSylvain Delabye, Stepan Janecek, Yannick Klomberg, Vincent Maicher & Robert TropekBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech RepublicSylvain Delabye, Tom M. Fayle, Vincent Maicher & Robert TropekCirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French GuianaGéraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain & Eric MarconDepartment of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaBen DeVriesNational Forest Authority, Kampala, UgandaJohn DiisiDepartment of Silviculture Foundation, Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, VietnamTran Van DoDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Bohemia, Czech RepublicJiri DolezalIPHAMETRA, IRET, CENAREST, Libreville, GabonNestor Laurier Engone ObiangFaculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of CongoCorneille E. N. Ewango, Faustin M. Mbayu & Eric Katembo WasingyaQueensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, AustraliaTeresa J. Eyre, Victor J. Neldner & Michael R. NgugiSchool of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKTom M. FayleDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, CameroonLethicia Flavine N. Feunang, Banoho L. P. R. Kabelong, Moses B. Libalah, Louis N. Nforbelie, Emile Narcisse N. Njila & Melanie C. NyakoNatural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, FinlandLeena FinérInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandMarkus FischerDepartment of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, SwedenJonas Fridman & Bertil WesterlundResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, ItalyLorenzo Frizzera, Damiano Gianelle & Mirco RodeghieroHerbário Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, BrazilAndré L. de GasperGlick Designs, LLC, Hadley, MA, USAHenry B. GlickCIIDIR Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Durango, MexicoMaria Socorro Gonzalez-ElizondoDépartement des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, BurundiRichard HabonayoFaculté des Sciences, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BelgiumOlivier J. HardyRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDavid J. Harris & Axel Dalberg PoulsenDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKAndrew HectorDepartment of Plant Systematics, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, GermanyAndreas HempHelmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Potsdam, GermanyMartin HeroldWild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Representation, Monrovia, LiberiaAnnika HillersCentre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UKAnnika HillersDepartment of Environment, Laboratory for Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumWannes HubauAMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, FranceThomas IbanezDepartment of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, JapanNobuo ImaiBiology Department, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of CongoGerard ImaniInstitute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, PolandAndrzej M. Jagodzinski & Jacek OleksynPoznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznan, PolandAndrzej M. JagodzinskiDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkVivian Kvist Johannsen & Sebastian Kepfer-RojasPlant Biology Department, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilCarlos A. JolyDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USABlaise JumbamInstitute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, CameroonBlaise JumbamDepartment of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkGoytom Abraha KahsayForestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, RussiaViktor Karminov & Olga MartynenkoIntegrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USAKuswata KartawinataLabo Botanique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory CoastJustin N. KassiComputational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumElizabeth Kearsley & Hans VerbeeckDepartment of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USADeborah K. KennardDepartment of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya (A Central University), Sagar, IndiaMohammed Latif KhanKenya Forestry Research Institute, Department of Forest Resource Assessment, Nairobi, KenyaJohn N. KigomoDepartment of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaHyun Seok KimInterdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaHyun Seok KimNational Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of KoreaHyun Seok KimResearch Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaHyun Seok KimInstitute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, EstoniaHenn Korjus & Mait LangInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, AustriaFlorian Kraxner, Dmitry Schepaschenko & Anatoly Z. ShvidenkoDepartment of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, IndiaAmit KumarTartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tõravere, EstoniaMait LangSchool of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South AfricaMichael J. LawesDepartment of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, BrazilRodrigo V. LeiteDepartment of Geography, University College London, London, UKSimon L. LewisPlant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Higher Teacher’s Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, CameroonMoses B. LibalahLaboratoire d’Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion des Ressources Végétales, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of CongoJanvier LisingoInstituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Durango, MexicoPablito Marcelo López-Serrano & Maria Guadalupe Nava-MirandaFaculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, ChinaHuicui LuCenter for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS (CEPF RAS), Moscow, RussiaNatalia V. LukinaDepartment of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, DenmarkAnne Mette LykkeNicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USAVincent Maicher & John R. PoulsenDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USABrian S. MaitnerAgroParisTech, UMR AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, FranceEric MarconUniversity of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, AustraliaAndrew R. MarshallUniversity of York, York, UKAndrew R. MarshallFlamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UKAndrew R. MarshallDepartment of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, TanzaniaEmanuel H. MartinKenya Forestry Research Institute, Headquarters, Nairobi, KenyaMusingo T. E. MbuviDepartamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoJorge A. MeaveEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USACory MerowDepartment of Forest Management and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, PolandStanislaw MiscickiTropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, AustraliaSharif A. Mukul & Alain S. K. NguteFieldstation Fabrikschleichach, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyJörg C. MüllerBavarian Forest Nationalpark, Grafenau, GermanyJörg C. MüllerFakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Papua, Jalan Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari Papua Barat, IndonesiaAgustinus MurdjokoLimbe Botanic Garden, Limbe, CameroonLitonga Elias NdiveInstitute of Forestry, Belgrade, SerbiaRadovan V. NevenicTropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), Buea, CameroonMichael L. Ngoh & Moses Nsanyi SaingeDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USAMichael L. NgohApplied Biology and Ecology Research Unit, University of Dschang, Dschang, CameroonAlain S. K. NguteDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USAThomas O. OchuodhoUQAM, Centre for Forest Research, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaAlain PaquetteV.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, RussiaElena I. Parfenova, Dmitry Schepaschenko & Nadja TchebakovaUrban Management and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, AustraliaSebastian PfautschInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia—INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, BrazilMaria T. F. Piedade, Jochen Schöngart & Natalia TarghettaCentro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, BrazilDaniel Piotto & Samir G. RolimDepartment of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Firenze, ItalyMartina Pollastrini & Federico SelviTechnical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Munich, GermanyHans PretzschCentro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige, ItalyMirco RodeghieroDepartment of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, ItalyFrancesco RoveroMUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Trento, ItalyFrancesco RoveroInfoflora c/o Botanical Garden of Geneva, Geneva, SwitzerlandErvan RutishauserAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, IranKhosro Sagheb-TalebiDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, IndiaPurabi SaikiaInstitute of International Education Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF), One World Trade Center, New York, NY, USAMoses Nsanyi SaingeCentro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, ChileChristian Salas-EljatibVicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, ChileChristian Salas-EljatibDepartamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, ChileChristian Salas-EljatibРeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, RussiaDmitry SchepaschenkoUniversity of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, GermanyMichael Scherer-LorenzenInstitution with City, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandBernhard SchmidNational Forest Centre, Zvolen, Slovak RepublicVladimír ŠebeňCNRS-UMR LEEISA, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French GuianaGiacomo SellanUniversite de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, Nancy, FranceJosep M. Serra-DiazCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, IndonesiaDouglas SheilCirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FrancePlinio SistUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Ecologia, Natal, BrazilAlexandre F. SouzaSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UKMike D. SwaineHerbarium Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, UKLiam A. TrethowanFaculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of CongoJohn Tshibamba MukendiYale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USAPeter Mbanda UmunayUral State Forest Engineering University, Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, RussiaVladimir A. UsoltsevDIBAF Department, Tuscia University, Viterbo, ItalyGaia Vaglio Laurin & Riccardo ValentiniLINCGlobal, MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, SpainFernando ValladaresPlant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, NetherlandsFons van der PlasAgricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, PortugalHelder VianaCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, PortugalHelder VianaDepartment of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, BrazilAlexander C. VibransNucleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Campinas, BrazilSimone A. VieiraInternational Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USAJason VleminckxForest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, AustraliaCatherine E. WaiteSanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya, ChinaHua-Feng Wang & Zhi-Xin ZhuKenya Forestry Research Institute, Taita Taveta Research Centre, Wundanyi, KenyaChemuku WekesaDepartment of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Rastatt, GermanyFlorian WittmannDepartment of Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, SurinameVerginia WortelPolish State Forests-Coordination Centre for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, PolandTomasz Zawiła-NiedźwieckiResearch Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaChunyu Zhang & Xiuhai ZhaoDepartment of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USAJun ZhuInstitut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, DFR Eaux, Forêts et Environnement, BP, Yamoussoukro, Ivory CoastIrie C. Zo-BiCentre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South AfricaCang HuiAfrican Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South AfricaCang HuiConceptualization: J. Liang and C.H. Methodology: J. Liang, C.H., J.G.P.G. and N. Picard. Data coordination: J. Liang, M.Z., S.d.-M., T.W.C., G.-J.N., P.B.R., F. Slik, K.v.G., J.G.P.G. and N. Picard. Writing, revision and editing: all. More

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