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Distribution of nitrogen-cycling pathways in groundwaterDifferences in nitrogen-cycling processes based on oxygen and nitrate concentrationsSixteen metagenomes (Table S4) were obtained from duplicate wells at four sites (A–D) from two unconfined alluvial aquifers (Canterbury, Fig. S1). These sites encompassed varied nitrate (0.45–12.6 g/m3), DO (0.37–7.5 mg/L), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (0–26 g/m3) concentrations (Fig. 1A; Table S1). Nitrate concentrations were pristine (site C) to N-contaminated (sites A, B, D) [4]. Sites A–C were oxic and had low DOC (typical of groundwaters), whereas site D was dysoxic with relatively high DOC. Metagenomes from groundwater wells comprised pairs, representing the planktonic and sediment-attached fractions. Over 70 Gbp of raw sequence was generated per site (390 Gbp overall, 322 Gbp trimmed). However, 2Kb long and only 0.64–8.14% of reads (3.8% on average) mapped to MAGs (Table S4), reflecting the complexity of microbial communities in the terrestrial subsurface [11]. To capture this diversity, metagenomic reads are first used here to determine the distribution of N metabolisms.Fig. 1: Geochemistry and protein-coding sequences (based on reads) involved in nitrogen cycling that are significantly different among sites used for metagenomics.A Bar plots showing geochemical data from groundwater samples, coloured according to site. Solid bar colour = groundwater samples. Grid lines = attached-fraction enriched groundwater. All samples from site D were characterized as dysoxic, although gwj15-16 contained 0.37 mg/L DO, which are near suboxic levels (i.e. More

All crops have been modified through some form of improvement, whether to enhance yield, taste, resilience or another factor. My passion is to continue accelerating the development of crop varieties that are more resistant to climate change and pests. This will make food supplies more secure and will also improve the quality of life for small-hold farmers in Africa and Asia, whose livelihoods can be devastated by crop failure.The goal of crop breeding is not only to develop new varieties, but also to produce genetically superior parents with a range of desirable traits that will be useful in future generations. Complex traits, such as yield or climate resilience, are often regulated by many genes. To speed up crop breeding for those traits, we use genomic data to select the best parental combinations, and then cameras and digital tools to identify the best progeny.In this photo, I’m in a greenhouse in Peru owned by my employer, the International Potato Center (CIP), inspecting potential sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) breeding parents for cross-pollination. CIP is one of 13 gene banks and research facilities around the world, known collectively as One CGIAR, which protect and utilize crop genetic diversity. I’ve worked at CIP since 2016; before then, I worked in industry, where I developed crops such as drought-tolerant corn hybrids.Because potatoes don’t have seeds that can be preserved for decades, we must reproduce them by growing small parts of plant organs, such as a root, a tuber or part of a stem, in tissue culture. Nearly 85% of the unique potato populations stored at CIP are also cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen to maintain a long-term backup.I can’t think of a nobler mission than working on food security. I hope that more young scientists — especially women — will focus their talents on crop breeding for the future. More

Nature Positive is an aspirational term that is increasingly being used by businesses, governments and NGOs, but there is a danger that its meaning is being diluted away from measurable overall net gain in biodiversity towards merely any action that benefits nature, argues E.J. Milner-Gulland.The term is appealing because it suggests an optimistic, intuitive and clear summary of where society needs to get to, and it can be used equally by business, government and civil society to describe their aspirations to protect and recover nature. However, once terms start gaining traction, particularly relatively general terms like Nature Positive, there is a risk of slippage and loss of meaning. It is already starting to feel like any actions that increase biodiversity anywhere, and by any amount, can be called Nature Positive. This trend has to be resisted. More