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DatasetsWe use the Amazon basin (http://worldmap.harvard.edu/data/geonode:amapoly_ivb, accessed 28 January 2021) as our region of study. To determine the grid cells that are contained within Brazil for a subset of analysis, we use the ‘maps’ package in R (v.3.3.0; https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=maps). This is also used in the plotting of country outlines. The main dataset used to determine forest health is from VODCA33, of which we use the Ku-band product. These data are available at 0.25° × 0.25° at a monthly resolution from January 1988 to December 2016. We also use NOAA AVHRR NDVI34. For precipitation data, we use the CHIRPS dataset40 downloaded from Google Earth Engine at a monthly resolution. Finally, to determine land cover types, we used the IGBP MODIS land cover dataset MCD12C1 (ref. 37). All these datasets are at a higher spatial resolution than the VODCA dataset and thus we downscale them to match the lower resolution. Our SST data comes from HadISST49, where we define a North Atlantic region (15–70° W, 5–25° N), for which we take the spatial mean. The mean monthly cycle is then removed to produce anomalies.For the vegetation datasets that we measure the resilience indicators on (below), we use STL decomposition (seasonal and trend decomposition using Loess)51 using the stl() function in R. This splits time series in each grid cell into an overall trend, a repeating annual cycle (by using the ‘periodic’ option for the seasonal window) and a residual component. We use the residual component in our resilience analysis. The first 3 yr of data had large jumps in VOD which were seen when testing other regions of the world as well as in the Amazon region. Hence, we restrict our analysis to the period January 1991 to December 2016.To test the robustness of the detrending, we also vary the size of the trend window in the stl() function. The results from these alternatively detrended time series are shown in Supplementary Fig. 4. The results are also robust to varying the window used to calculate the seasonal component rather than using ‘periodic’; at the strictest plausible value of 13, we still see the same increases in AR(1) (Supplementary Fig. 5).For the AMO index shown in Supplementary Fig. 13, data come from the Kaplan SST dataset and can be downloaded from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/timeseries/AMO/.Grid cell selectionWe use the IGBP MODIS land cover dataset at the resolution described above to determine which grid cells to use in our analysis. The dataset is available at an annual resolution from 2001 to 2018 (but we only use the time series up to 2016 to match the time span of our VOD and NDVI datasets). To focus on changes in forest resilience, we use grid cells where the evergreen BL fraction is ≥80% in 2001. Grid cells are treated as human land-use area if the built-up, croplands or vegetation mosaics fraction is >0%. We remove grid cells that have human land use in them from our forest analysis, regardless of if there is ≥80% BL fraction in the grid cell.We measure the minimum distance between forested Amazon basin grid cells and human land-use grid cells in 2016 (believing this to be the most cautious and least biased way to measure distance) using the latitude and longitude of each grid point and computing the great-circle distance. We use human land-use grid cells over a larger area than the basin, so that we can determine the closest distance to human land use, regardless of whether this human land use lies within the basin. We also measure the minimum distance from human land use or roads in Brazil, where we have reliable data on state and federal roads (https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/brazil-road-network-federal-and-state-highways). As in the main text, we reiterate that these minimum distances can be viewed as the maximum distance from human land use as our data will not include roads for the full Amazon basin, or non-federal or non-state roads in Brazil that will have human activity associated with them.To ensure that the pattern of changes in resilience is not a consequence of more settlements being in the southeast of the region, combined with the gradient of rainfall from northwest to southeast typical of the rainforest, we measure the correlation between MAP and the distances from the urban grid cells, which is very weak (Spearman’s ρ = 0.109, P  More

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Many women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) need to make decisions about marital name change, and have to consider how this might affect their publication record and future career. Mentorship that considers race, ethnicity, culture, religion and parenting, as well as a centralized system to dynamically and retroactively streamline name change, will promote agency and choice for women navigating STEM careers, writes Bala Chaudhary.Women, whether in same-sex or heterosexual relationships, still predominantly make decisions regarding marital name change1. In science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, as the proportion of female researchers rises, more women are considering the potential effects of marital name change on their careers. The stakes are high, as relationship status and name discrimination contribute to gender2 and racial3 inequities in faculty hiring. The shifting demographics of students and a greater proportion of STEM undergraduates engaging in research and publishing has also led to more scientists questioning decisions around name changes. Dual-scientist couples considering sharing a last name may wonder about gendered assessments of their contributions to work. Women occasionally ask for advice on this topic using social-media platforms such as Twitter. Community members chime in with myriad options: keep your name, change your name, hyphenate, add a middle name, couples choose a new name, keep separate personal and legal names, and so on. There is no single correct approach for this personal decision, so online discussions and testimonials4 are invaluable resources for women with few immediate role models. More

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When mange began to kill llama-like animals called vicuñas in the high Andes, their loss reverberated through the food web to affect grasslands and, eventually, condors1.

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00592-8

ReferencesMonk, J. D. et al. Ecol. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13983 (2022).PubMed 
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Esperanza Martínez-Romero is a professor of ecological genomics and was coordinator of the undergraduate programme on genomics at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Her work on plant symbioses, and outreach with local farmers has encouraged uptake of sustainable practices and the use of biofertilizers.It was during my first year as an undergraduate student that I was exposed to genetic engineering, when Dr Francisco Bolívar lectured on his development of vectors for gene cloning. I found these results fascinating, and it was listening to talks from scientists at my institute that made me realize that research was my vocation. Towards the end of my bachelor’s degree, Dr Marc von Montagu from Belgium visited and told us about plant genetic transformations — a new field within genetic engineering. Although I was accepted into his laboratory to do my doctorate, I preferred Mexico. I turned my academic journey around and instead chose to apply to a new research centre in Cuernavaca outside of Mexico City — my next turning point. I suspected that a new research centre would provide more opportunities for the development of novel areas, and would have open positions for researchers. Indeed, I was hired at this new research centre and started my own ecology group. It was there that I started working with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants. The effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on plants were outstanding. Although the scope of molecular biology was incipient to the characterization of bacterial species and populations, we were nevertheless able to make molecular characterizations of the rhizobial species that formed nitrogen-fixing nodules on beans — the most important legume for human consumption in the world. In 1991, we described a novel species, Rhizobium tropici, which could deliver high levels of nitrogen to legumes. It was then that I realized nitrogen fixation is key to the development of sustainable agriculture and could benefit farmers in Mexico and around the world. Some of the species described by my group are now used as inoculants in agriculture, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and allowing farmers to make cost savings. To facilitate this, I published a manual on biofertilization for farmers and gave conferences and workshops to them. My group has also undertaken reforestation programmes using nitrogen-fixing legume trees inoculated with the rhizobial species that we described. More

Cape gannet movement trackingThe study took place in the Western Cape, South Africa, where we studied chick-rearing Cape gannets from Malgas Island (33.05° S, 17.93° E) during October–November from 2008 to 2015 (Fig. 1). We caught birds using a pole fitted with a loop and fitted 197 adult Cape gannets (22 in 2008, 16 in 2009, 38 in 2010, 11 in 2011, 29 in 2012, 29 in 2013, 23 in 2014, and 29 in 2015) with GPS-loggers (2008: GPS mass 65 g, i.e., 2.4 % adult body mass, Technosmart, Rom. 2009–2010: GPS mass 45 g, i.e., 1.7% adult body mass, Technosmart, Rom. From 2011: GPS mass 30 g, 1.1% of bird body mass, Catnip Technologies, Hong-Kong). Loggers were attached to the lower back with waterproof Tesa® tape and recorded position at a regular 30-s to 2-min intervals, reinterpolated over 1-min intervals. Devices were recovered after one foraging trip lasting a few hours to one week. Bird handling and tracking using these procedures do not have a measurable impact on foraging behavior19,20. We caught adult birds at-random from the colony, and previous studies showed that this resulted in a well-balanced sex-ratio preventing confounding sex effects21. All experiments were performed under permit from South African National Parks with respect to animal ethics (N° RYAP/AGR/001-2002/V1).Cape gannet movement tactics and behavioral phasesWe identified two movement trip tactics for Cape gannets: After their daytime foraging activities, some birds returned to the colony at night (rest at colony tactic) while others spent all the night at sea (rest at sea tactic). Within the GPS tracks of gannets from these two categories, we discriminated resting, foraging, and commuting phases, with a segmentation-clustering method based on smoothed speed (i.e., speed smoothed over two steps before and after the focal location) and turning angle measured at constant step length. This corresponded to the angle between the focal location, the first location entering a circle of radius equal to the median step length, and the last location inside the circle22. We fitted behavioral identification with the segclust2d package23 for the R software24. See complete details on behavioral classification for Cape gannets tracks in Appendix 1 in Courbin et al.25.Cape fur seal movement tracking and the seascape of fearWe assessed the at-sea spatial distribution of Cape fur seals, a predator of Cape gannet fledglings7 and adults (Supplementary Data 1). We used Argos data collected from 25 lactating female seals before (2003 and 2004) and again concomitantly with gannet tracking (2012 and 2014). Seals were tracked during the same period of the year as gannets (i.e., September to November). Adult females nursing pups were selected at random and captured using a modified hoop net. Once restrained, anesthesia was induced using isoflurane gas delivered via a portable vaporizer (Stinger, Advanced Anesthesia Specialists, Gladesville, New South Wales, Australia). A satellite tag was glued to the guard hairs on the upper back. Individuals were allowed to recover from the anesthesia and resumed normal behavior within 45 min of capture. Throughout the process, the animals’ breathing was closely monitored and their flippers were repeatedly flushed with seawater to prevent hyperthermia. Seals were equipped with Argos satellite transmitters at three colonies (Fig. 1): Kleinsee (29°35’09”S, 16°59’56”E) located ~400 km to the North of the gannet colony (n = 8 seals in 2003 and 2004); Vondeling Island (33°09’11”S, 17°58’57”E), ~12 km away from the gannet colony (n = 12 seals in 2012 and 2014); and Geyser Rock (34°41’19”S, 19°24’49”E) located ~230 km to the South of the gannet colony (n = 5 seals in 2003). Seals at Vondeling Island were equipped with Argos-linked Spot-6 position transmitting tags (Wildlife Computers) following deployment procedures outlined in Kirkman et al.26. Seals at Kleinsee and Geyser Rock were equipped with ST18 and ST20 satellite-linked platform terminal transmitters (Telonics, Mesa, USA), as detailed in Skern-Mauritzen et al.27. Devices collected a well-balanced number of Argos locations during the day (n = 6080 locations) and at night (n = 6501 locations). See full details on seal tracking in Supplementary Table 6. All fieldwork was permitted by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism’s Marine and Coastal Management branch, which at the time was the management authority of South Africa’s marine and coastal environment (Ref: DEAT2006-06-23).We modeled both daytime and nighttime at-sea occurrences of seals for each colony with resource selection functions (RSF)28,29, a proxy of the fear effect for Cape gannets. RSF compared environmental features of seal’s at-sea Argos positions (i.e., further 500 m than the colony) with five times more random locations that captured the breadth of environmental conditions available to seals. We sampled random locations for each individual within the yearly area used by seals from each colony, delineated by the 95% kernel utilization distribution of the Argos locations of all seals of the colony. RSF were fitted with a generalized linear mixed model with a binomial distribution for errors. As environmental variables, we considered bathymetry (m), the slope of the bathymetry (°) and the distance to the colony (km) within the RSF. These variables were not highly correlated (|r| ≤ 0.61) and had low collinearity with a variance inflation factor VIF  More

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