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This photograph was taken at the Angullong estate in New South Wales, Australia, which hosts some of my field trials. The aim is to study sustainable agriculture in vineyards. You have to dodge the odd brown snake, but, as offices go, this one — among the grapevines of such a picturesque part of the world — makes my job quite a privilege.It’s a November evening, which is springtime here in the Southern Hemisphere, and this time of year is when pests such as the light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) start to emerge. That means that ecologists such as myself, as well as the commercial winemakers we collaborate with, move into data-capture mode to track the presence of the insects. These moths produce multiple generations every year, so they can be quite numerous by harvest time, and can cause real damage by getting into the grapes.We’re conducting experiments to see whether positioning various plant species between and under grapevines can help to reduce the population of pests by encouraging their predators. Parasitoid wasps, for example, target the eggs of light brown apple moths, injecting them with their own eggs. When the wasp larvae hatch, they eat the moth larvae from the inside out. Although quite gruesome, parasitoid wasps could provide an environmentally friendly way to control moth populations.In my laboratory at Charles Sturt University in Orange, we’re incubating moth eggs that we then put on special cards in the vineyard. Because parasitoids love nectar, we expect to see more attacks on the moth eggs in areas where we’ve planted flowering shrubs than in the control areas, where grass predominates. We collect the cards after about 48 hours in the field, and incubate the moth eggs to measure the level of parasitism. In the next couple of years, with more data, we hope to identify the optimum mix of plant species to manage pests without resorting to chemicals.

Nature 602, 176 (2022)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00218-z

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Study areaThe study was conducted in central Hungary, ca. 25–60 km south of Budapest, at around the settlements Alsónémedi (47°18′; 19°09′), Apaj (47°06′; 19°05′), Kunszentmiklós (47°01′; 19°07′) and Tass (47°01′; 19°01′) during the 2020 and 2021 breeding seasons. We also used heterospecific controls with Eurasian collared doves for comparisons conducted in the year 2016. In this study area common cuckoos can be found in high densities in their breeding season (May and June). They almost exclusively parasitize great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) locally, a large host which breeds in narrow reed-beds along small irrigation and flood-relief channels47.All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Local animal ethics regulations and agreements were followed for fieldwork. All work complied with the Hungarian laws, and the Middle-Danube-Valley Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, Nature Conservation and Water Management, Budapest, provided permission for research (permit no. PE/KTF/17190-3/2015).Playback filesWe used cuckoo calls recorded in May between 2016 and 2019. Recording were made with a Telinga Universal parabola dish, equipped with a Sennheiser ME-62 microphone, a K6 powering module, a FEL MX mono preamp, and a Marantz PMD-620 MKII recorder (sampling rate: 48 kHz, 24-bit quality)30.We constructed ten different sound files for playback from the basic “cu-coo” calls:Heterospecific (negative) control(1) The calls of a neutral species from the local avifauna, the Eurasian collared dove, were used for interspecific vocalization control.Natural (positive) control(2) Normal (natural) “cu-coo” calls.Experimental treatments; one-note calls(3) Deleting the second note, i.e. contained “cu”, only.(4) Deleting the first note, i.e. contained “coo”, only.Two-note calls(5) Reversal of the basic “cu-coo” call, i.e. “coo-cu”.(6) Repeating the first note, and deleting the second note, i.e. “cu-cu”.(7) Repeating the second note, and deleting the first note, i.e. “coo-coo”.Three-note calls(8) Repeating the first note, i.e. “cu-cu-coo”.(9) Repeating the second note. i.e. “cu-coo-coo”.Three-note natural(10) Normal (but rare and context specific) “nat. cu-cu-coo”.The experimental 3-note variant of the calls (“cu-cu-coo”; call type No. (8)) differs from our natural 3-note calls (“nat. cu-cu-coo”; call type No. (10)) in two out of the three acoustic parameters (length: F1,18 = 79.258, P  More

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