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    Biogeography of acoustic biodiversity of NW Mediterranean coralligenous reefs

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    Description of larval morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Heterotemna tenuicornis (Silphidae)

    In total 48 larval specimens of H. tenuicornis were obtained and analysed. We identified 30 larvae of the first instar, 14 of the second instar and 4 of the third instar. Two larvae and one adult specimen of H. tenuicornis were used for molecular phylogenetic placement of the genus within the subfamily Silphinae. The phylogenetic tree was obtained using Bayesian analysis from the concatenated partial 16S (434 bp) and COI (609 bp) sequences (Fig. 1).Figure 1Phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian analysis. Numbers above branches show the posterior probability and bootstrap values (BI)/maximal parsimony (PAUP)/Maximum likelihood (MEGA). Scaphidium quadrimaculatum Olivier, 1790 and Aleochara curtula (Goeze, 1777) (both Staphylinidae) were selected as outgroups.Full size imageSpecies identification based on genetic distancesThe calculated p-distances between concatenated sequences of 16S and COI of larval and adult specimens of H. tenuicornis were between 0.0029 and 0.0078 (the mean calculated p-distance within Heterotemna specimens was 0.01). Conversely, the distance between different species of Silpha was shown to be higher (mean calculated p-distance within the Silpha species was 0.08), thus the larval specimens were confirmed as belonging to the same species as the adult specimen, H. tenuicornis (SM1).Phylogenetic analysesThe Bayesian analysis (posterior probability 99), maximum parsimony bootstrap (84) and maximum likelihood bootstrap (93) strongly supported a clade of the genera Silpha, Heterotemna, Ablattaria and Phosphuga, suggesting close relationships of these genera with Heterotemna inside the genus Silpha, which makes the genus Silpha paraphyletic. The position of H. tenuicornis as a sister lineage to S. tristis Illiger, 1798 was strongly supported by the Bayesian analysis (97) but not strongly supported by the other analyses. The results confirmed the monophyly of the genera Thanatophilus Leach, 1815, Necrodes Leach, 1815, and Oiceoptoma Leach, 1815 within the subfamily Silphinae (Fig. 1).MorphometryThe two commonly used measurements for instar identification, head width and width of protergum , are applicable in the case of H. tenuicornis (Fig. 2c, d) as these two measurements do not overlap between the instars and show significant differences. More specifically, the following measurements were very different between instars; head width (F statistic = 231 on 2, df = 45, p value  More

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    Effects of green-manure and tillage management on soil microbial community composition, nutrients and tree growth in a walnut orchard

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