Ecology

1.Schubert SD, Suarez MJ, Pegion PJ, Koster RD, Bacmeister JT. On the cause of the 1930s Dust Bowl. Science. 2004;303:1855–9.2.Worster D. Dust bowl: the Southern plains in the 1930s (Oklahoma and Kansas). Dust bowl South Plains 1930s (Oklahoma Kansas). Oxford University Press; 1982; p. 15–50.3.Baumhardt LR. Dust Bowl Era. In: Encyclopedia of water science. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003.4.Gelfand I, Sahajpal R, Zhang X, Izaurralde RC, Gross KL, Robertson GP. Sustainable bioenergy production from marginal lands in the US Midwest. Nature. 2013:493;514–7.5.Bouton JH. Molecular breeding of switchgrass for use as a biofuel crop. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2007;6:553–8.6.Bouton, J. Genetic improvement of bioenergy crops. In: Vermerris W editors. Springer Science and Business Media; 2008. p. 295–308.7.Milbrandt AR, Heimiller DM, Perry AD, Field CB. Renewable energy potential on marginal lands in the United States. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2014;29:473–81.8.Stoof CR, Richards BK, Woodbury PB, Fabio ES, Brumbach AR, Cherney J, et al. Untapped potential: opportunities and challenges for sustainable bioenergy production from marginal lands in the northeast USA. Bioenergy Res. 2015;8:482–501.9.McLaughlin SB, Kszos LA. Development of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a bioenergy feedstock in the United States. Biomass Bioenergy. 2005;28:515–35.10.Ditomaso JM, Barney JN, Mann JJ, Kyser G. For switchgrass cultivated as biofuel in California, invasiveness limited by several steps. Calif. Agric. 2013;67:96–103.11.Tilman D, Hill J, Lehman C. Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science. 2006;314:1598–1600.12.Ma Z, Wood CW, Bransby DI. Soil management impacts on soil carbon sequestration by switchgrass. Biomass Bioenergy. 2000;18:469–77.13.Slessarev EW, Nuccio EE, McFarlane KJ, Ramon CE, Saha M, Firestone MK, et al. Quantifying the effects of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) on deep organic C stocks using natural abundance 14C in three marginal soils. GCB Bioenergy. 2020;12:834–47.14.Anderson-Teixeria KJ, Davis SC, Masters MD, Delucia EH. Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops. GCB Bioenergy. 2009;1:75–96.15.Barney JN, Mann JJ, Kyser GB, Blumwald E, Van Deynze A, DiTomaso JM Tolerance of switchgrass to extreme soil moisture stress: Ecological implications. Plant Sci. 2009;177:724–32.16.Tiemann LK, Grandy AS. Mechanisms of soil carbon accrual and storage in bioenergy cropping systems. GCB Bioenergy. 2015;7:161–74.17.Sher Y, Baker NR, Herman D, Fossum C, Hale L, Zhang X, et al. Microbial extracellular polysaccharide production and aggregate stability controlled by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) root biomass and soil water potential. Soil Biol Biochem. 2020;143:107907.18.Liebig MA, Schmer MR, Vogel KP, Mitchell RB. Soil carbon storage by switchgrass grown for bioenergy. Bioenergy Res. 2008;1:215–22.19.Zan CS, Fyles JW, Girouard P, Samson RA. Carbon sequestration in perennial bioenergy, annual corn and uncultivated systems in southern Quebec. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 2001;86:135–44.20.Frank AB, Berdahl JD, Hanson JD, Liebig MA, Johnson HA. Biomass and carbon partitioning in switchgrass. Crop Sci. 2004;44:1391–6.21.Dabney SM, Shields FD, Temple DM, Langendoen EJ. Erosion processes in gullies modified by establishing grass hedges. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng. 2004;47:1561–71.22.Cheng W, Parton WJ, Gonzalez-Meler MA, Phillips R, Asao S, Mcnickle GG, et al. Synthesis and modeling perspectives of rhizosphere priming. New Phytol. 2014;201:31–44.23.Ashiq MW, Bazrgar AB, Fei H, Coleman B, Vessey K, Gordon A, et al. A nutrient-based sustainability assessment of purpose-grown poplar and switchgrass biomass production systems established on marginal lands in Canada. Can J Plant Sci. 2017;98:255–66.24.Fontaine S, Barot S, Barré P, Bdioui N, Mary B, Rumpel C. Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply. Nature. 2007;450:277–80.25.Shahzad T, Rashid MI, Maire V, Barot S, Perveen N, Alvarez G, et al. Root penetration in deep soil layers stimulates mineralization of millennia-old organic carbon. Soil Biol Biochem. 2018;124:150–60.26.Torn MS, Trumbore SE, Chadwick OA, Vitousek PM, Hendricks DM Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover. Nature. 1997;389:170–3.27.Poeplau C, Helfrich M, Dechow R, Szoboszlay M, Tebbe CC, Don A, et al. Increased microbial anabolism contributes to soil carbon sequestration by mineral fertilization in temperate grasslands. Soil Biol Biochem. 2019;130:167–76.28.Hestrin R, Lee MR, Whitaker BK, Pett-Ridge J. The switchgrass microbiome: a review of structure, function, and taxonomic distribution. Phytobiomes J. 2020;5:e-ISSN:2471-2906.29.Lange M, Eisenhauer N, Sierra CA, Bessler H, Engels C, Griffiths RI, et al. Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage. Nat Commun. 2015:6;6707.30.Ker K, Seguin P, Driscoll BT, Fyles JW, Smith DL Evidence for enhanced N availability during switchgrass establishment and seeding year production following inoculation with rhizosphere endophytes. Arch Agron Soil Sci. 2014;60:1553–63.31.Clark RB, Baligar VC, Zobel RW. Response of mycorrhizal switchgrass to phosphorus fractions in acidic soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2005;36:1337–59.32.Bahulikar RA, Torres-Jerez I, Worley E, Craven K, Udvardi MK. Diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with switchgrass in the native tallgrass prairie of Northern Oklahoma. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80:5636–4333.Ghimire SR, Charlton ND, Craven KD. The mycorrhizal fungus, sebacina vermifera, enhances seed germination and biomass production in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum l). Bioenergy Res. 2009;2:51–8.34.Kim S, Lowman S, Hou G, Nowak J, Flinn B, Mei C. Growth promotion and colonization of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cv. alamo by bacterial endophyte burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2012;5:37.35.Ghimire SR, Craven KD. Enhancement of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) biomass production under drought conditions by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Sebacina vermifera. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:19.36.Mulkey VR, Owens VN, Lee DK. Management of switchgrass-dominated conservation reserve program lands for biomass production in South Dakota. Crop Sci. 2006;46:712–20.37.Lee DK, Doolittle JJ, Owens VN. Soil carbon dioxide fluxes in established switchgrass land managed for biomass production. Soil Biol Biochem. 2007;39:178–86.38.Monti A, Barbanti L, Zatta A, Zegada-Lizarazu W. The contribution of switchgrass in reducing GHG emissions. GCB Bioenergy. 2012;4:420–34.39.Robertson GP, Grace PR. Greenhouse gas fluxes in tropical and temperate agriculture: the need for a full-cost accounting of global warming potentials. Environ Dev Sustain. 2004;6:51–63.40.Fritsche UR, Sims REH, Monti A. Direct and indirect land-use competition issues for energy crops and their sustainable production—an overview. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining. 2010;4:692–704.41.Lange M, Habekost M, Eisenhauer N, Roscher C, Bessler H, Engels C, et al. Biotic and abiotic properties mediating plant diversity effects on soil microbial communities in an experimental grassland. PLOS ONE. 2014;9:e96182.42.Thakur MP, Milcu A, Manning P, Niklaus PA, Roscher C, Power S, et al. Plant diversity drives soil microbial biomass carbon in grasslands irrespective of global environmental change factors. Glob Chang Biol. 2015;21:4076–85.43.Chen C, Chen HYH, Chen X, Huang Z. Meta-analysis shows positive effects of plant diversity on microbial biomass and respiration. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1332.44.Prober SM, Leff JW, Bates ST, Borer ET, Firn J, Harpole WS, et al. Plant diversity predicts beta but not alpha diversity of soil microbes across grasslands worldwide. Ecol Lett. 2015;18:85–95.45.Mao Y, Yannarell AC, Davis SC, Mackie RI. Impact of different bioenergy crops on N-cycling bacterial and archaeal communities in soil. Environ Microbiol. 2013;15:928–42.46.Liang T, Yang G, Ma Y, Yao Q, Ma Y, Ma H, et al. Seasonal dynamics of microbial diversity in the rhizosphere of Ulmus pumila L. var. sabulosa in a steppe desert area of Northern China. PeerJ. 2019;7:e7526.47.Jesus E da C, Liang C, Quensen JF, Susilawati E, Jackson RD, et al. Influence of corn, switchgrass, and prairie cropping systems on soil microbial communities in the upper Midwest of the United States. GCB Bioenergy. 2016;8:481–94.48.Frasier I, Noellemeyer E, Fernández R, Quiroga A. Direct field method for root biomass quantification in agroecosystems. MethodsX. 2016;3:513–9.49.Carter MR, Gregorich EG (Eds.) Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. CRC Press; 2007.50.Sheldrick BH, Wang C. Particle-size distribution. In: Carter, MR editor. Soil sampling and methods of analysis, Canadian society of soil science; 1993. p. 499–511.51.McLean, E. Soil pH and lime requirement. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. 1982;52.AOAC Official Method 972.43, Microchemical Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen, Automated Method, in Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed. Chapter 12, pp. 5–6, AOAC International, Arlington, VA; 1997.53.Nelson DW, Sommers LE. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter. Chapter 34, p 1001-6. JM Bigham et al. editors. Soil Science Society of America and America Society of Agronomy. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods-SSA Book Series no. 5. Madison, WI. 1996.54.Sah RN, Miller RO. Spontaneous reaction for acid dissolution of biological tissues in closed vessels. Anal Chem. 1996;64:230–3.Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Diamond D. Phosphorus in soil extracts. QuikChem Method 10-115-01-1-A. Lachat instruments, Milwaukee, WI. 1995.56.Olsen SR, Sommers LE. Phosphorus. In: AL Page, et al. (eds.) Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties p. 403–30. Agron. Mongr. 9. 2nd edition. ASA and SSA, Madison, WI; 1982.57.Prokopy WR. Phopshorus in 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate soil extracts. Milwaukee, WI: QuikChem Method 12-115-01-1-B. Lachat Instruments; 1995.
Google Scholar 
58.Bowman RA, Moir JO. Basics EDTA as an extractant for soil organic phosphorus. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1993;57:1516–8.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
59.McKeague J, Day J. Dithionite-and oxalate-extractable Fe and AL as aids in 577 differentiating various classes of soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 1966;60.Mehra OP and Jackson ML. Iron oxide remobal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. In Clays and clay materials (pp. 317–27). Pergamon; 2013.61.Christiansen JR, Outhwaite J, Smukler SM. Comparison of CO2, CH4 and N2O soil-atmosphere exchange measured in static chambers with cavity ring-down spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Agric For Meteorol. 2015;62.Zhou J, Bruns MA, Tiedje JM. DNA recovery from soils of diverse composition. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62:316–22.63.Wu L, Wen C, Qin Y, Yin H, Tu Q, Van Nostrand JD, et al. Phasing amplicon sequencing on Illumina Miseq for robust environmental microbial community analysis. BMC Microbiol. 2015;15:125.64.Zhang J, Kobert K, Flouri T, Stamatakis A. PEAR: a fast and accurate Illumina Paired-End reAd mergeR. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:614–20.65.Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Walters WA, González A, Caporaso JG, Knight R. Using QIIME to analyze 16s rRNA gene sequences from microbial communities. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2012, Chapter 10:Unit 10.7.66.Edgar RC. Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:2460–1.67.Edgar RC. UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. Nat Methods. 2013;10:996–8.68.Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR. Naïve Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:5261–7.69.Katoh K. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30:3059–66.70.Castresana J. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol Biol Evol. 2000;17:540–52.71.Price MN, Dehal PS, Arkin AP. Fasttree: computing large minimum evolution trees with profiles instead of a distance matrix. Mol Biol Evol. 2009;26:1641–50.72.Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010;7:335–6.73.R Core Team. R Core Team (2014). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Found Stat Comput Vienna, Austria 2014. http://wwwR-project.org/.74.Wickham H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer; 2009.Book 

Google Scholar 
75.Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker BM, Walker SC. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:1–48.76.Anderson MJ. Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics. 2006;62:245–53.77.Rosseel Y. Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1–36.78.Dise NB. Methane emission from Minnesota peatlands: spatial and seasonal variability. Glob Biogeochem Cycles. 1993;7:123–42.79.Bartlett KB, Harriss RC. Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands. Chemosphere. 1993;26:261–20.80.Abraha M, Gelfand I, Hamilton SK, Chen J, Robertson GP. Carbon debt of field-scale conservation reserve program grasslands converted to annual and perennial bioenergy crops. Environ Res Lett. 2019;14:024019.81.Roley SS, Xue C, Hamilton SK, Tiedje JM, Robertson GP. Isotopic evidence for episodic nitrogen fixation in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Soil Biol Biochem. 2019;129:90–8.82.Cline LC, Zak DR. Soil microbial communities are shaped by plant-driven changes in resource availability during secondary succession. Ecology. 2015;96:3374–85.83.Leff JW, Jones SE, Prober SM, Barberán A, Borer ET, Firn JL, et al. Consistent responses of soil microbial communities to elevated nutrient inputs in grasslands across the globe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:10967–72.84.Kang H, Fahey TJ, Bae K, Fisk M, Sherman RE, Yanai RD, et al. Response of forest soil respiration to nutrient addition depends on site fertility. Biogeochemistry. 2016;127:113–24.85.Wagai R, Brye KR, Gower ST, Norman JM, Bundy LG. Land use and environmental factors influencing soil surface CO2 flux and microbial biomass in natural and managed ecosystems in southern Wisconsin. Soil Biol Biochem. 1998;30:1501–9.86.Saunois M, Stavert AR, Poulter B, Bousquet P, Canadell JG, Jackson RB, et al. The global methane budget 2000–2017. Earth Syst Sci Data Discuss. 2019;12:1561–23.87.Jackson RB, Saunois M, Bousquet P, Canadell JG, Poulter B, Stavert AR, et al. Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources. Environ Res Lett. 2020;15:071002.88.Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor MMB, Allen SK, Boschung J, et al. Climate change 2013 the physical science basis: working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Climate change 2013 the physical science basis: working group i contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. 2013. More

1.Solomon, M. E. The natural control of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 18(1), 1–35 (1949).Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Sinclair, A. R. E. & Krebs, C. J. Complex numerical responses to top–down and bottom–up processes in vertebrate populations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 357(1425), 1221–1231 (2002).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Readshaw, J. L. The numerical response of predators to prey density. J. Appl. Biol. 10, 342–351 (1973).
Google Scholar 
4.Boyles, J. G., Cryan, P. M., McCracken, G. F. & Kunz, T. H. Economic importance of bats in agriculture. Science 332(6025), 41–42 (2011).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
5.Taylor, P. J., Grass, I., Alberts, A. J., Joubert, E. & Tscharntke, T. Economic value of bat predation services—a review and new estimates from macadamia orchards. Ecosyst. Serv. 30, 372–381 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Kunz, T. H., BraundeTorrez, E., Bauer, D., Lobova, T. & Fleming, T. H. Ecosystem services provided by bats. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1223, 1–38 (2011).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
7.Russo, D., Bosso, L. & Ancillotto, L. Novel perspectives on bat insectivory highlight the value of this ecosystem service in farmland: Research frontiers and management implications. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 266, 31–38 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Boyles, J. G., Sole, C. L., Cryan, P. M. & McCracken, G. F. On estimating the economic value of insectivorous bats: prospects and priorities for biologists. In Bat Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation (eds Adams, R. A. & Pedersen, S. C.) 501–515 (Springer, 2013).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
9.Kemp, J. et al. Bats as potential suppressors of multiple agricultural pests: a case study from Madagascar. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 269, 88–96 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Kolkert, H., Andrew, R., Smith, R., Rader, R. & Reid, N. Insectivorous bats selectively source moths and eat mostly pest insects on dryland and irrigated cotton farms. Ecol. Evol. 10(1), 371–388 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Weier, S. M. et al. Insect pest consumption by bats in macadamia orchards established by molecular diet analyses. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 18, e00626 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Bohmann, K. et al. Molecular diet analysis of two African free-tailed bats (Molossidae) using high throughput sequencing. PLoS ONE 6(6), e21441 (2011).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Razgour, O. et al. High-throughput sequencing offers insight into mechanisms of resource partitioning in cryptic bat species. Ecol. Evol. 1(4), 556–570 (2011).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Cleveland, C. J. et al. Economic value of the pest control service provided by Brazilian free-tailed bats in south-central Texas. Front. Ecol. Environ. 4(5), 238–243 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.McCracken, G. F. et al. Bats track and exploit changes in insect pest populations. PLoS ONE 7(8), e43839 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Maas, B. et al. Bird and bat predation services in tropical forests and agroforestry landscapes. Biol. Rev. 91(4), 1081–1101 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
17.Maine, J. J. & Boyles, J. G. Bats initiate vital agroecological interactions in corn. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112(40), 12438–12443 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Hill, D. S. Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and Their Control (Springer, 2008).Book 

Google Scholar 
19.Zhang, B. C. Index of Economically Important Lepidoptera (CAB International, Wallingford, 1994).
Google Scholar 
20.Riccucci, M. & Lanza, B. Bats and insect pest control: a review. Vespertilio 17, 161–169 (2014).
Google Scholar 
21.Andreas, M., Reiter, A. & Benda, P. Dietary composition, resource partitioning and trophic niche overlap in three forest foliage-gleaning bats in Central Europe. Acta Chiropterol. 14(2), 335–345 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Vesterinen, E. J., Puisto, A. I. E., Blomberg, A. S. & Lilley, T. M. Table for five, please: dietary partitioning in boreal bats. Ecol. Evol. 8, 10914–10937 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Hope, R. P. et al. Second generation sequencing and morphological faecal analysis reveal unexpected foraging behaviour by Myotis nattereri (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in winter. Front. Zool. 11, 39 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Costa, A. et al. Structural simplification compromises the potential of common insectivorous bats to provide biocontrol services against the major olive pest Pray oleae. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 287, 106708 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Garin, I. et al. Bats from different foraging guilds prey upon the pine processionary moth. PeerJ 7, e7169 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Puig-Montserrat, X. et al. Pest control service provided by bats in Mediterranean rice paddies: linking agroecosystems structure to ecological functions. Mamm. Biol. 80, 237–245 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Elgar, M. A. Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the evidence. Biol. Rev. 64, 13–33 (1989).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
28.Fukui, D., Murakami, M., Nakano, S. & Aoi, T. Effect of emergent aquatic insects on bat foraging in a riparian forest. J. Anim. Ecol. 75(6), 1252–1258 (2006).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
29.Partridge, D. R., Parkins, K. L., Elbin, S. B. & Clark, J. A. Bat activity correlates with moth abundance on an urban green roof. Northeast Nat. 27(1), 77–89 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Charbonnier, Y., Barbaro, L., Theillout, A. & Jactel, H. Numerical and functional responses of forest bats to a major insect pest in pine plantations. PLoS ONE 9(10), e109488 (2014).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
31.Krauel, J. J., Ratcliffe, J. M., Westbrook, J. K. & McCracken, G. F. Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) adjust foraging behaviour in response to migratory moths. Can. J. Zool. 96(6), 513–520 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Gregor, F. & Bauerová, Z. The role of Diptera in the diet of Natterer’s bat, Myotis nattereri. Folia. Zool. 36(1), 13–19 (1987).
Google Scholar 
33.Swift, S. & Racey, P. Gleaning as a foraging strategy in Natterer’s bat Myotis nattereri. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52(5), 408–416 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Taake, K. H. Resource utilization strategies of vespertilionid bats hunting over water in forests. Myotis 30, 7–74 (1992).
Google Scholar 
35.Vaughan, N. The diets of British bats (Chiroptera). Mammal. Rev. 27(2), 77–94 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Siemers, B. & Swift, S. M. Differences in sensory ecology contribute to resource partitioning in the bats Myotis bechsteinii and Myotis nattereri (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 59, 373–380 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Norberg, U. M. & Rayner, J. M. V. Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): wing adaptations, flight Performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 316(1179), 335–427 (1987).ADS 

Google Scholar 
38.Entwistle, A. C., Racey, P. A. & Speakman, J. R. Habitat exploitation by a gleaning bat, Plecotus auritus. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 351(1342), 921–931 (1996).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Kerth, G., Wagner, M. & König, B. Roosting together, foraging apart: information transfer about food is unlikely to explain sociality in female Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 50, 283–291 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Rydell, J. Food habits of northern (Eptesicus nilssoni) and brown long-eared (Plecotus auritus) bats in Sweden. Holarct. Ecol. 12(1), 16–20 (1989).
Google Scholar 
41.Anderson, M. E. & Racey, P. A. Feeding behaviour of captive brown long-eared bats, Plecotus auritus. Anim. Behav. 42(3), 489–493 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Andreas, M. Feeding ecology of a bat community. Ph.D. Thesis, Czech Agriculture University, Prague (2002).43.Dobbertin, M. Tree growth as indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: a review. Eur. J. Forest. Res. 124, 319–333 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Keena, M. A., Côté, M. J., Grinberg, P. S. & Wallner, W. E. World distribution of female flight and genetic variation in Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environ. Entomol. 37(3), 636–649 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
45.Melin, M., Viiri, H., Tikkanen, O. P., Elfving, R. & Neuvonen, S. From a rare inhabitant into a potential pest—status of the nun moth in Finland based on pheromone trapping. Silva. Fenn. 54(1), 1–9 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Kuhlman, H. M. Effects of insect defoliation on growth and mortality of trees. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 16, 289–324 (1971).Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Bogacheva, I. A. Repeated damage of leaves by phyllophagous insects: is it influenced by rapid inducible resistance? In Forest Insect Guilds: Patterns of Interaction with Host Trees. (eds. Baranchikov, Y.N., Mattson, W.J., Hain, F.P. & Payne, T.L.) 113–122 (U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-153, 1991).48.Zvereva, E. L. & Kozlov, M. V. Effects of herbivory on leaf life span in woody plants: a meta-analysis. J. Ecol. 102(4), 873–881 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Bréda, N., Huc, R., Granier, A. & Dreyer, E. Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences. Ann. For. Sci. 63, 625–644 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Clark, J. S. et al. The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 2329–2352 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Delb, H. Eichenschädlinge im Klimawandel in Südwestdeutschland. FVA-einblick. 2/2012, 11–14 (2012).52.Hittenbeck, A., Bialozyt, R. & Schmidt, M. Modelling the population fluctuation of winter moth and mottled umber moth in central and northern Germany. For. Ecosyst. 6, 4 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Ims, R. A., Yoccoz, N. G. & Hagen, S. B. Do sub-Arctic winter moth populations in coastal birch forest exhibit spatially synchronous dynamics?. J. Anim. Ecol. 73, 1129–1136 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Böhm, S. M., Wells, K. & Kalko, E. K. V. Top-down control of herbivory by birds and bats in the canopy of temperate broad-leaved oaks (Quercus robur). PLoS ONE 6(4), e17857 (2011).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
55.Patočka, J. Caterpillars on oaks in Czechoslovakia. (Štátne pôdohospodárske nakladateľstvo: 262, 1954).56.Hausmann, A. The geometrid moths of Europe, Volume 1: Introduction, Archiearinae, Orthostixinae, Desmobathrinae, Alsophilinae, Geometrinae, (Apollo Books, 2001).57.Zahradník, P. Calamities in Czech forests—past and present. In: Facts and myths about Czech agricultural forestry. Proceedings of papers (ed Stonawski, J.) 31–51 (Česká zemědělská univerzita, 2008).58.Macek, J., Procházka, J. & Traxler, L. Butterflies and caterpillars of Central Europe: Moths III. – Geometrids. (Academia, 2012).59.Liška, J. Winter moth, Operophtera brumata L. Lesnická Práce, 11: I–IV (2002).60.Basset, Y., Springate, N. D., Aberlenc, H. P. & Delvare, G. A review of methods for sampling arthropods in tree canopies. In Canopy Arthropods (eds Stork, N. E. et al.) 567 (Chapman & Hall, 1997).
Google Scholar 
61.Kimber, I. UKMOTHS. https://ukmoths.org.uk (2015).62.Bartonička, T., Miketová, N. & Hulva, P. High throughput bioacoustic monitoring and phenology of the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) compared to other migratory species. Acta Chiropterol. 21(1), 75–85 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Lemen, C., Freeman, P. W., White, J. A. & Andersen, B. R. The problem of low agreement among automated identification programs for acoustical surveys of bats. West. N. Am. Naturalist. 75(2), 218–225 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
64.Barataud, M. Acoustic Ecology of European Bats. Species Identification and Studies of Their Habitats and Foraging Behaviour (Biotope & National Museum of Natural History, 2015).65.McAney, C., Shiel, C., Sullivan, C. & Fairley, J. The analysis of bat droppings (An occasional publication of the Mammal society; no. 14, 1991).66.Zeale, M. R., Butlin, R. K., Barker, G. L., Lees, D. C. & Jones, G. Taxon-specific PCR for DNA barcoding arthropod prey in bat faeces. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 11(2), 23–44 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
67.Clarke, L. J., Soubrier, J., Weyrich, L. S. & Cooper, A. Environmental metabarcodes for insects: in silico PCR reveals potential for taxonomic bias. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 14, 1160–1170 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
68.Martin, M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnetjournal 17, 10–12 (2011).
Google Scholar 
69.Benson, D. A., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D. J., Ostell, J. & Wheeler, D. L. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 21–25 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
70.R Core Team. R: language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/ (2019). More

1.Hunter, M. C., Smith, R. G., Schipanski, M. E., Atwood, L. W. & Mortensen, D. A. Agriculture in 2050: recalibrating targets for sustainable intensification. Bioscience 67, 386–391 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Tilman, D., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., Naylor, R. & Polasky, S. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418, 671–677 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
3.Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D. & Potts, S. G. Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 230–238 (2013).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
4.Weiner, J. Applying plant ecological knowledge to increase agricultural sustainability. J. Ecol. 105, 865–870 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Sadras, V. et al. Making science more effective for agriculture. Adv. Agron. 163, 153–177 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Kremen, C. Ecological intensification and diversification approaches to maintain biodiversity, ecosystem services and food production in a changing world. Emerg. Top. Life Sci. 4, 229–240 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Tamburini, G. et al. Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services without compromising yield. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba1715 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Brooker, R. W. et al. Improving intercropping: a synthesis of research in agronomy, plant physiology and ecology. N. Phytol. 206, 107–117 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Bullock, D. G. Crop rotation. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 11, 309–326 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Renard, D. & Tilman, D. National food production stabilized by crop diversity. Nature 571, 257–260 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Hector, A. et al. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286, 1123–1127 (1999).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Hector, A. et al. General stabilizing effects of plant diversity on grassland productivity through population asynchrony and overyielding. Ecology 91, 2213–2220 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Tilman, D., Reich, P. B. & Knops, J. M. H. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441, 629–632 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Tilman, D., Wedin, D. & Knops, J. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379, 718–720 (1996).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Ives, A. R. & Carpenter, S. R. Stability and diversity of ecosystems. Science 317, 58–62 (2007).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
16.Prieto, I. et al. Complementary effects of species and genetic diversity on productivity and stability of sown grasslands. Nat. Plants 1, 15033 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
17.Blüthgen, N. et al. Land use imperils plant and animal community stability through changes in asynchrony rather than diversity. Nat. Commun. 7, 10697 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
18.Voss-Fels, K. P. et al. Breeding improves wheat productivity under contrasting agrochemical input levels. Nat. Plants 5, 706–714 (2019).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
19.Zuppinger-Dingley, D. et al. Selection for niche differentiation in plant communities increases biodiversity effects. Nature 515, 108–111 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
20.Chacón-Labella, J., García Palacios, P., Matesanz, S., Schöb, C. & Milla, R. Plant domestication disrupts biodiversity effects across major crop types. Ecol. Lett. 22, 1472–1482 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Finckh, M. R. et al. Cereal variety and species mixtures in practice, with emphasis on disease resistance. Agronomie 20, 813–837 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Newton, A. C. Exploitation of diversity within crops—the key to disease tolerance? Front. Plant Sci. 7, 665 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Newton, A. C., Begg, G. S. & Swanston, J. S. Deployment of diversity for enhanced crop function. Ann. Appl. Biol. 154, 309–322 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Frankel, O. H. Analytical yield investigations on New Zealand wheat: IV. Blending varieties of wheat. J. Agric. Sci. 29, 249–261 (1939).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Kristoffersen, R., Jørgensen, L. N., Eriksen, L. B., Nielsen, G. C. & Kiær, L. P. Control of Septoria tritici blotch by winter wheat cultivar mixtures: meta-analysis of 19 years of cultivar trials. Field Crops Res. 249, 107696 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Mundt, C. Use of multiline cultivars and cultivar mixtures for disease management. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 40, 381–410 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Wolfe, M. S. The current status and prospects of multiline cultivars and variety mixtures for disease resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 23, 251–273 (1985).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Finckh, M. R. Integration of breeding and technology into diversification strategies for disease control in modern agriculture. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 121, 399–409 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Reiss, E. R. & Drinkwater, L. E. Cultivar mixtures: a meta-analysis of the effect of intraspecific diversity on crop yield. Ecol. Appl. 28, 62–77 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Tooker, J. F. & Frank, S. D. Genotypically diverse cultivar mixtures for insect pest management and increased crop yields. J. Appl. Ecol. 49, 974–985 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.McDonald, B. A., Allard, R. W. & Webster, R. K. Responses of two-, three-, and four-component barley mixtures to a variable pathogen population. Crop Sci. 28, 447–452 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Zhan, J. & McDonald, B. A. Experimental measures of pathogen competition and relative fitness. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 51, 131–153 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Kiær, L. P., Skovgaard, I. M. & Østergård, H. Effects of inter-varietal diversity, biotic stresses and environmental productivity on grain yield of spring barley variety mixtures. Euphytica 185, 123–138 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Creissen, H. E., Jorgensen, T. H. & Brown, J. K. M. Increased yield stability of field-grown winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varietal mixtures through ecological processes. Crop Prot. 85, 1–8 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Borg, J. et al. Unfolding the potential of wheat cultivar mixtures: a meta-analysis perspective and identification of knowledge gaps. Field Crops Res. 221, 298–313 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Kiær, L. P., Skovgaard, I. M. & Østergård, H. Grain yield increase in cereal variety mixtures: a meta-analysis of field trials. Field Crops Res. 114, 361–373 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Barot, S. et al. Designing mixtures of varieties for multifunctional agriculture with the help of ecology. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 37, 13 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Chateil, C. et al. Crop genetic diversity benefits farmland biodiversity in cultivated fields. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 171, 25–32 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Litrico, I. & Violle, C. Diversity in plant breeding: a new conceptual framework. Trends Plant Sci. 20, 604–613 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
40.Van Der Plas, F. et al. Plant traits alone are poor predictors of ecosystem properties and long-term ecosystem functioning. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1602–1611 (2020).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
41.Montazeaud, G. et al. Crop mixtures: does niche complementarity hold for belowground resources? An experimental test using rice genotypic pairs. Plant Soil 424, 87–202 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
42.Montazeaud, G. et al. Multifaceted functional diversity for multifaceted crop yield: towards ecological assembly rules for varietal mixtures. J. Appl. Ecol. 57, 2285–2295 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Von Felten, S., Niklaus, P. A., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Hector, A. & Buchmann, N. Do grassland plant communities profit from N partitioning by soil depth? Ecology 93, 2386–2396 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Zhang, W. P. et al. Temporal dynamics of nutrient uptake by neighbouring plant species: evidence from intercropping. Funct. Ecol. 31, 469–479 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Spehn, E. M. et al. The role of legumes as a component of biodiversity in a cross-European study of grassland biomass nitrogen. Oikos 98, 205–218 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Griffiths, M. & York, L. M. Targeting root ion uptake kinetics to increase plant productivity and nutrient use efficiency. Plant Physiol. 182, 1854–1868 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Maron, J. L., Marler, M., Klironomos, J. N. & Cleveland, C. C. Soil fungal pathogens and the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. Ecol. Lett. 14, 36–41 (2011).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
48.Mikaberidze, A., Mcdonald, B. A. & Bonhoeffer, S. Developing smarter host mixtures to control plant disease. Plant Pathol. 64, 996–1004 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Wright, A. J., Wardle, D. A., Callaway, R. & Gaxiola, A. The overlooked role of facilitation in biodiversity experiments. Trends Ecol. Evol. 32, 383–390 (2017).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
50.Petchey, O. L., Hector, A. & Gaston, K. J. How do different measures of functional diversity perform? Ecology 85, 847–857 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Violle, C. et al. Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos 116, 882–892 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Zhang, C., Postma, J. A., York, L. M. & Lynch, J. P. Root foraging elicits niche complementarity-dependent yield advantage in the ancient ‘three sisters’ (maize/bean/squash) polyculture. Ann. Bot. 110, 521–534 (2014).
Google Scholar 
53.Erktan, A., McCormack, M. L. & Roumet, C. Frontiers in root ecology: recent advances and future challenges. Plant Soil 424, 1–9 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Díaz, S. et al. The global spectrum of plant form and function. Nature 529, 167–171 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
55.Wright, I. J. et al. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428, 821–827 (2004).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
56.Westoby, M., Falster, D. S., Moles, A. T., Vesk, P. A. & Wright, I. J. Plant ecological strategies: some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33, 125–159 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Morris, G. P. et al. Genotypic diversity effects on biomass production in native perennial bioenergy cropping systems. Glob. Change Biol. Bioenergy 8, 1000–1014 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Wuest, S. E. & Niklaus, P. A. A plant biodiversity effect resolved to a single chromosomal region. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1933–1939 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Chen, K., Wang, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, H. & Gao, C. CRISPR/Cas genome editing and precision plant breeding in agriculture. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 70, 667–697 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
60.Griffing, B. Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 9, 463–493 (1956).Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Lopez, C. G. & Mundt, C. C. Using mixing ability analysis from two-way cultivar mixtures to predict the performance of cultivars in complex mixtures. Field Crops Res. 68, 121–132 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
62.Forst, E. et al. A generalized statistical framework to assess mixing ability from incomplete mixing designs using binary or higher order variety mixtures and application to wheat. Field Crops Res. 242, 107571 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Harlan, H. V. & Martini, M. L. A composite hybrid mixture. Agron. J. 21, 487–490 (1929).Article 

Google Scholar 
64.Suneson, C. A. Evolutionary plant breeding. Crop Sci. 9, 119–121 (1969).Article 

Google Scholar 
65.Allard, R. W. & Adams, J. Populations studies in predominantly self-pollinating species. XIII. Intergenotypic competition and population structure in barley and wheat. Am. Nat. 103, 621–645 (1969).Article 

Google Scholar 
66.Allard, R. W. & Jain, S. K. Population studies in predominantly self-pollinated species. II. Analysis of quantitative genetic changes in a bulk-hybrid population of barley. Evolution 16, 90–101 (1962).
Google Scholar 
67.Döring, T. F., Knapp, S., Kovacs, G., Murphy, K. & Wolfe, M. S. Evolutionary plant breeding in cereals—into a new era. Sustainability 3, 1944–1971 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
68.Dawson, J. C. & Goldringer, I. in Organic Crop Breeding (eds Lammerts van Bueren, E. T. & Myers, J. R.) 77–98 (Wiley, 2011).69.Goldringer, I. et al. Agronomic evaluation of bread wheat varieties from participatory breeding: a combination of performance and robustness. Sustainability 12, 128 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
70.Andrew, I. K. S., Storkey, J. & Sparkes, D. L. A review of the potential for competitive cereal cultivars as a tool in integrated weed management. Weed Res. 55, 239–248 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
71.Bertholdsson, N. O., Weedon, O., Brumlop, S. & Finckh, M. R. Evolutionary changes of weed competitive traits in winter wheat composite cross populations in organic and conventional farming systems. Eur. J. Agron. 79, 23–30 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
72.Weiner, J., Du, Y. L., Zhang, C., Qin, X. L. & Li, F. M. Evolutionary agroecology: individual fitness and population yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Ecology 98, 2261–2266 (2017).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
73.Weiner, J. Looking in the wrong direction for higher-yielding crop genotypes. Trends Plant Sci. 19, S1360–S1385 (2019).
Google Scholar 
74.Denison, R. F., Kiers, E. T. & West, S. A. Darwinian agriculture: When can humans find solutions beyond the reach of natural selection? Q. Rev. Biol. 78, 145–168 (2003).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
75.Donald, C. M. The breeding of crop ideotypes. Euphytica 17, 385–403 (1968).Article 

Google Scholar 
76.Donald, C. M. in Wheat Science—Today and Tomorrow (eds Evans, L. T. & Peacock, W. J.) 223–247 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1981).77.Knapp, S. et al. Natural selection towards wild-type in composite cross populations of winter wheat. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 1757 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
78.Gersani, M., Brown, J. S., O’Brien, E. E., Maina, G. M. & Abramsky, Z. Tragedy of the commons as a result of root competition. J. Ecol. 89, 660–669 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
79.Rankin, D. J., Bargum, K. & Kokko, H. The tragedy of the commons in evolutionary biology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 643–651 (2007).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
80.Zhang, D. Y., Sun, G. J. & Jiang, X. H. Donald’s ideotype and growth redundancy: a game theoretical analysis. Field Crops Res. 61, 179–187 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
81.Duvick, D. N., Smith, J. S. C. & Cooper, M. in Plant Breeding Reviews. Part 2. Long Term Selection: Crops, Animals and Bacteria Vol. 24 (ed. Janick, J.) 109–151 (Wiley, 2004); https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650288.ch482.Tian, J. et al. Teosinte ligule allele narrows plant architecture and enhances high-density maize yields. Science 365, 658–664 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
83.Zhu, Y. H., Weiner, J., Yu, M. X. & Li, F. M. Evolutionary agroecology: trends in root architecture during wheat breeding. Evol. Appl. 12, 733–743 (2019).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
84.Tsunoda, S. A developmental aanlysis of yielding ability in varieties of field crops: II. The assimilation-system of plants as affected by the form, direction and arrangement of single leaves. Jpn. J. Breed. 9, 237–244 (1959).Article 

Google Scholar 
85.Jennings, P. R. Plant type as a rice breeding objective. Crop Sci. 4, 13–15 (1964).Article 

Google Scholar 
86.Zhu, L. & Zhang, D. Y. Donald’s ideotype and growth redundancy: a pot experimental test using an old and a modern spring wheat cultivar. PLoS ONE 8, e70006 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
87.Jennings, P. R. & De Jesus, J. J. Studies on competition in rice I. Competition in mixtures of varieties. Evolution 22, 119–124 (1968).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
88.Jennings, P. R. & Herrera, R. M. Studies on competition in rice II. Competition in segregating populations. Evolution 22, 332–336 (1968).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
89.Borlaug, N. E. Wheat breeding and its impact on world food supply. In Third International Wheat Genetics Symposium 1–36 (1968).90.Vogel, O. A., Craddock, J. C., Muir, C. E., Everson, E. H. & Rohde, C. R. Semidwarf growth habit in winter wheat improvement for the Pacific Northwest. Agron. J. 48, 76–78 (1956).Article 

Google Scholar 
91.Reynolds, M. P., Acevedo, E., Sayre, K. D. & Fischer, R. A. Yield potential in modern wheat varieties: its association with a less competitive ideotype. Field Crops Res. 37, 149–160 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
92.Murphy, G. P., Swanton, C. J., Van Acker, R. C. & Dudley, S. A. Kin recognition, multilevel selection and altruism in crop sustainability. J. Ecol. 105, 930–934 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
93.Ohtsuki, H., Hauert, C., Lieberman, E. & Nowak, M. A. A simple rule for the evolution of cooperation on graphs and social networks. Nature 441, 502–505 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
94.Nowak, M. A. Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314, 1560–1563 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
95.Maynard Smith, J. Group selection and kin selection. Nature 201, 1145–1147 (1964).Article 

Google Scholar 
96.Montazeaud, G. et al. Farming plant cooperation in crops. Proc. Biol. Sci. 287, 20191290 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
97.Brown, J. K. M. Durable resistance of crops to disease: a Darwinian perspective. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 53, 513–539 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
98.Laine, A. L., Burdon, J. J., Dodds, P. N. & Thrall, P. H. Spatial variation in disease resistance: from molecules to metapopulations. J. Ecol. 99, 96–112 (2011).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
99.Karasov, T. L., Shirsekar, G., Schwab, R. & Weigel, D. What natural variation can teach us about resistance durability. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 56, 89–98 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
100.Zhan, J., Thrall, P. H., Papaïx, J., Xie, L. & Burdon, J. J. Playing on a pathogen’s weakness: using evolution to guide sustainable plant disease control strategies. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 53, 19–43 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
101.Smithson, J. B. & Lenné, J. M. Varietal mixtures: a viable strategy for sustainable productivity in subsistence agriculture. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128, 127–158 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
102.Huang, C., Sun, Z., Wang, H., Luo, Y. & Ma, Z. Effects of wheat cultivar mixtures on stripe rust: a meta-analysis on field trials. Crop Prot. 33, 52–58 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
103.Zhu, Y. et al. Genetic diversity and disease control in rice. Nature 406, 718–722 (2000).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
104.Mundt, C. C. Durable resistance: a key to sustainable management of pathogens and pests. Infect. Genet. Evol. 27, 446–455 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
105.Finckh, M. R. Stripe rust, yield, and plant competition in wheat cultivar mixtures. Phytopathology 85, 905–913 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
106.McGrann, G. R. D. et al. A trade off between mlo resistance to powdery mildew and increased susceptibility of barley to a newly important disease, Ramularia leaf spot. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 1025–1037 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
107.Rimbaud, L., Papaïx, J., Barrett, L. G., Burdon, J. J. & Thrall, P. H. Mosaics, mixtures, rotations or pyramiding: What is the optimal strategy to deploy major gene resistance? Evol. Appl. 11, 1791–1810 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
108.Zeller, S. L., Kalinina, O., Flynn, D. F. B. & Schmid, B. Mixtures of genetically modified wheat lines outperform monocultures. Ecol. Appl. 22, 1817–1826 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
109.Kellerhals, M., Mouron, P., Graf, B., Bousset, L. & Gessler, C. Mischpflanzung von Apfelsorten: Einfluss auf krankheiten, schädlinge und wirtschaftlichkeit. Schweiz. Z. Obs. 13, 10–13 (2003).
Google Scholar 
110.Burdon, J. J., Barrett, L. G., Rebetzke, G. & Thrall, P. H. Guiding deployment of resistance in cereals using evolutionary principles. Evol. Appl. 7, 609–624 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
111.Mundt, C. C. Pyramiding for resistance durability: theory and practice. Phytopathology 108, 792–802 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
112.Newton, A. C., Johnson, S. N. & Gregory, P. J. Implications of climate change for diseases, crop yields and food security. Euphytica 179, 3–18 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
113.Knapp, S. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture. Nat. Commun. 9, 3632 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
114.Friedli, C. N., Abiven, S., Fossati, D. & Hund, A. Modern wheat semi-dwarfs root deep on demand: response of rooting depth to drought in a set of Swiss era wheats covering 100 years of breeding. Euphytica 215, 85 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
115.DeWitt, T. J., Sih, A. & Wilson, D. S. Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 77–81 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
116.Tilman, D. & Downing, J. A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367, 363–365 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
117.Schweiger, A. K. et al. Spectral niches reveal taxonomic identity and complementarity in plant communities. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.060483 (2020).118.Pianka, E. R. The structure of lizard communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4, 53–74 (1973).Article 

Google Scholar 
119.MacArthur, R. H. Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology 39, 599–619 (1958).Article 

Google Scholar 
120.Colwell, R. K. & Futuyma, D. J. On the measurement of niche breadth and overlap. Ecology 52, 567–576 (1971).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar  More

1.Meng, H. H. & Zhang, M. L. Diversification of plant species in arid Northwest China: species-level phylogeographical history of Lagochilus Bunge ex Bentham (Lamiaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 68, 398–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12088 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Pennington, R. T. et al. Contrasting plant diversification histories within the Andean biodiversity hotspot. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 13783–13787. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1001317107 (2010).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
3.Hughes, C. & Eastwood, R. Island radiation on a continental scale: exceptional rates of plant diversification after uplift of the Andes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10334–10339. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601928103 (2006).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
4.Johansson, U. S. et al. Build-up of the Himalayan avifauna through immigration: a biogeographical analysis of the Phylloscopus and Seicercus warblers. Evolution 61, 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00024.x (2007).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
5.Hughes, C. E. & Atchison, G. W. The ubiquity of alpine plant radiations: from the Andes to the Hengduan Mountains. New Phytol. 207, 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13230 (2015).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
6.Lagomarsino, L. P., Condamine, F. L., Antonelli, A., Mulch, A. & Davis, C. C. The abiotic and biotic drivers of rapid diversification in Andean bellflowers (Campanulaceae). New Phytol. 210, 1430–1442. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13920 (2016).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
7.Ebersbach, J. et al. In and out of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: divergence time estimation and historical biogeography of the large arctic-alpine genus Saxifraga L. J. Biogeogr. 44, 900–910. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12899 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Zhang, J. Y. & Zhang, Z. In Flora of Chinese Fruit Trees 61–62 (China Forestry Press, 2003).9.Su, Z., Zhang, M. & Sanderson, S. C. Chloroplast phylogeography of Helianthemum songaricum (Cistaceae) from northwestern China: implications for preservation of genetic diversity. Conserv. Genet. 12, 1525–1537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-011-0250-9 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Xie, K. Q. & Zhang, M. L. The effect of Quaternary climatic oscillations on Ribes meyeri (Saxifragaceae) in northwestern China. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 50, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2013.03.031 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Salvi, D., Schembri, P., Sciberras, A. & Harris, D. Evolutionary history of the maltese wall lizard Podarcis filfolensis: insights on the ‘Expansion–Contraction’ model of Pleistocene biogeography. Mol. Ecol. 23, 1167–1187. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12668 (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
12.Liu, J. Q., Sun, Y. S., Ge, X. J., Gao, L. M. & Qiu, Y. X. Phylogeographic studies of plants in China: advances in the past and directions in the future. J. Syst. Evol. 50, 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2012.00214.x (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Hewitt, G. The genetic legacy of the quaternary ice ages. Nature 405, 907–913. https://doi.org/10.1038/35016000 (2000).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
14.Hewitt, G. M. The structure of biodiversity-insights from molecular phylogeography. Front. Zool. 1, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-1-4 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Willis, K. J. & Niklas, K. J. The role of quaternary environmental change in plant macroevolution: the exception or the rule?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1387 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Schmitt, T. Molecular biogeography of Europe: pleistocene cycles and postglacial trends. Front. Zool. 4, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-4-11 (2007).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
17.Shen, L., Chen, X. Y. & Li, Y. Y. Glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization patterns of organisms. Acta Ecol. Sin. 22, 1983–1990. https://doi.org/10.1088/1009-1963/11/5/313 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Schonswetter, P., Popp, M. & Brochmann, C. Rare arctic-alpine plants of the European Alps have different immigration histories: the snow bed species Minuartia biflora and Ranunculus pygmaeus. Mol. Ecol. 15, 709–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02821.x (2006).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
19.Guo, Y. P., Zhang, R., Chen, C. Y., Zhou, D. W. & Liu, J. Q. Allopatric divergence and regional range expansion of Juniperus sabina in China. J. Syst. Evol. 48, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00073.x (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Jaramillo-Correa, J. P., Beaulieu, J. & Bousquet, J. Variation in mitochondrial DNA reveals multiple distant glacial refugia in black spruce (Picea mariana), a transcontinental North American conifer. Mol. Ecol. 13, 2735–2747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02258.x (2004).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
21.Afzal-Rafii, Z. & Dodd, R. S. Chloroplast DNA supports a hypothesis of glacial refugia over postglacial recolonization in disjunct populations of black pine (Pinus nigra) in western Europe. Mol. Ecol. 16, 723–736. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03183.x (2007).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
22.Anderson, L., Hu, F., Nelson, D., Petit, R. & Paige, K. Ice-age endurance: DNA evidence of a white spruce refugium in Alaska. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 12447–12450. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605310103 (2006).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
23.Volkova, P. A., Burlakov, Y. A. & Schanzer, I. A. Genetic variability of Prunus padus (Rosaceae) elaborates “a new Eurasian phylogeographical paradigm”. Plant Syst. Evol. 306, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01644-0 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Xu, Z. & Zhang, M. L. Phylogeography of the arid shrub Atraphaxis frutescens (Polygonaceae) in northwestern China: evidence from cpDNA sequences. J. Hered. 106, 184–195. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esu078 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
25.Rehder, A. Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in North America, Exclusive of the Subtropical and Warmer Temperate Regions 345–346 (Macmillan, 1927).26.Zhebentyayeva, T. N., Ledbetter, C., Burgos, L., & Llácer, G. Fruit Breeding 415–458 (Springer, 2012).27.Zhebentyayeva, T. N., Reighard, G. L., Gorina, V. M. & Abbott, A. G. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis for assessment of genetic variability in apricot germplasm. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106, 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-002-1069-z (2003).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
28.Schaal, B. A., Hayworth, D. A., Olsen, K. M., Rauscher, J. T. & Smith, W. A. Phylogeographic studies in plants: problems and prospects. Mol. Ecol. 7, 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00318.x (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Avise, J. C. Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect. J. Biogeogr. 36, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02032.x (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Poudel, R. C., Möller, M., Li, D. Z., Shah, A. & Gao, L. M. Genetic diversity, demographical history and conservation aspects of the endangered yew tree Taxus contorta (syn. Taxus fuana) in Pakistan. Tree Genet. Genom. 10, 653–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-014-0711-7 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Dutech, C., Maggia, L. & Joly, H. Chloroplast diversity in Vouacapoua americana (Caesalpiniaceae), a neotropical forest tree. Mol. Ecol. 9, 1427–1432. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01027.x (2000).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
32.Li, Y. et al. Rapid intraspecific diversification of the Alpine species Saxifraga sinomontana (Saxifragaceae) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas. Front. Genet. 9, 381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00381 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Zhang, Q. P. & Liu, W. S. Advances of the apricot resources collection, evaluation and germplasm enhancement. Acta Hortic. Sin. 45, 1642–1660. https://doi.org/10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0654 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Hu, Z. B. et al. Population genomics of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L). R. Br.): comparative analysis of global accessions and Senegalese landraces. BMC Genomics 16, 1048. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2255-0 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
35.White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protoc. Guide Methods Appl. 18, 315–322 (1990).
Google Scholar 
36.Dong, W. et al. ycf1, the most promising plastid DNA barcode of land plants. Sci. Rep. 5, 8348. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08348 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
37.Bortiri, E. et al. Phylogeny and systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) as determined by sequence analysis of ITS and the chloroplast trnL-trnF spacer DNA. Syst. Bot. 26, 797–807. https://doi.org/10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.797 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Zhang, Q. Y. et al. Latitudinal adaptation and genetic insights into the origins of Cannabis sativa L. Front Plant Sci. 9, 1876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01876 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
39.Hall, T. A. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Sumo. Ser. 41, 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008 (1999).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 4673–4680. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 (1994).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
41.Simmons, M. P. & Ochoterena, H. Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Syst. Biol. 49, 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635159950173889 (2000).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
42.Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33, 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054 (2016).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
43.Clement, M., Posada, D. & Crandall, K. A. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol. Ecol. 9, 1657–1659. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01020.x (2000).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
44.Librado, P. & Rozas, J. DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25, 1451–1452. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187 (2009).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
45.Pons, O. & Petit, R. J. Measwring and testing genetic differentiation with ordered versus unordered alleles. Genetics 144, 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-3862(96)00162-3 (1996).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
46.Excoffier, L. & Lischer, H. E. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Ecol. Resour. 10, 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Rogers, A. R. & Harpending, H. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 552–569 (1992).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
48.Wolfe, K. H., Li, W. H. & Sharp, P. M. Rates of nucleotide substitution vary greatly among plant mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 9054–9058. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.24.9054 (1987).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
49.Wang, Z. et al. Phylogeography study of the Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) in Northern China assessed by chloroplast microsatellite and DNA makers. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 1989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01989 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
50.Chin, S. W., Shaw, J., Haberle, R., Wen, J. & Potter, D. Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries-Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 76, 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.024 (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
51.Drummond, A. J., Suchard, M. A., Xie, D. & Rambaut, A. Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29, 1969–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss075 (2012).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
52.Yang, J., Vazquez, L., Feng, L., Liu, Z. & Zhao, G. Climatic and soil factors shape the demographical history and genetic diversity of a deciduous oak (Quercus liaotungensis) in Northern China. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1534. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01534 (2018).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
53.Zhang, X., Shen, S., Wu, F. & Wang, Y. Inferring genetic variation and demographic history of Michelia yunnanensis Franch (Magnoliaceae) from chloroplast DNA sequences and microsatellite markers. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00583 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
54.Li, M., Zhao, Z. & Miao, X. J. Genetic variability of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) populations in the Ili Valley as revealed by ISSR markers. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 60, 2293–2302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-9996-x (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Li, M., Hu, X., Miao, X. J., Xu, Z. & Zhao, Z. Genetic diversity analysis of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) populations in the lli Valley as revealed by SRAP markers. Acta Hortic. Sin. 43, 1980–1988. https://doi.org/10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0156 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Hu, X., Zheng, P., Ni, B., Miao, X. & Li, M. Population genetic diversity and structure analysis of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) revealed by SSR markers in the Tien-Shan mountains of China. Pak. J. Bot. 50, 609–615 (2018).
Google Scholar 
57.Decroocq, S. et al. New insights into the history of domesticated and wild apricots and its contribution to Plum pox virus resistance. Mol. Ecol. 25, 4712–4729. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13772 (2016).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
58.Liu, S. et al. The complex evolutionary history of apricots: species divergence, gene flow and multiple domestication events. Mol. Ecol. Notes 28, 5299–5314. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15296 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Posada, D. & Crandall, K. A. Intraspecific gene genealogies: trees grafting into networks. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02026-7 (2001).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
60.Boulnois, L. Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants on the Silk Road 115–165 (WW Norton & Co Inc, 2004).61.Zhao, C., Wang, C. B., Ma, X. G., Liang, Q. L. & He, X. J. Phylogeographic analysis of a temperate-deciduous forest restricted plant (Bupleurum longiradiatum Turcz.) reveals two refuge areas in China with subsequent refugial isolation promoting speciation. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 68, 628–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.007 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
62.Ebersbach, J., Schnitzler, J., Favre, A. & Muellner-Riehl, A. N. Evolutionary radiations in the species-rich mountain genus Saxifraga L. BMC Evol. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0967-2 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
63.Favre, A. et al. The role of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas. Biol. Rev. 90, 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12107 (2015).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar  More

1.Gill, A. et al. Review of the state of knowledge on verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and the role of whole genome sequencing as an emerging technology supporting regulatory food safety in Canada. (2020).2.Thorpe, C. M. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 1298–1303 (2004).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
3.Valilis, E., Ramsey, A., Sidiq, S. & DuPont, H. L. Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-A poorly appreciated enteric pathogen: systematic review. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 76, 82–87 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
4.Karmali, M. A., Steele, B. T., Petric, M. & Lim, C. Sporadic cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with faecal cytotoxin and cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stools. Lancet 1, 619–620 (1983).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
5.O’Brien, A. O., Lively, T. A., Chen, M. E., Rothman, S. W. & Formal, S. B. Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains associated with haemorrhagic colitis in the United States produce a Shigella dysenteriae 1 (SHIGA) like cytotoxin. Lancet 1, 702 (1983).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
6.Gill, A. & Gill, C. O. Non-O157 verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and beef: a Canadian perspective. Can. J. Vet. Res 74, 161–169 (2010).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
7.Heiman, K. E., Mody, R. K., Johnson, S. D., Griffin, P. M. & Gould, L. H. Escherichia coli O157 outbreaks in the United States, 2003–2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21, 1293–1301 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Callaway, T. R., Carr, M. A., Edrington, T. S., Anderson, R. C. & Nisbet, D. J. Diet, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and cattle: a review after 10 years. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 11, 67–79 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
9.Tseng, M., Fratamico, P. M., Manning, S. D. & Funk, J. A. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in swine: the public health perspective. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 15, 63–75 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Waddell, T. E., Coomber, B. L. & Gyles, C. L. Localization of potential binding sites for the edema disease verotoxin (VT2e) in pigs. Can. J. Vet. Res. 62, 81–86 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
11.Omer, M. K. et al. A systematic review of bacterial foodborne outbreaks related to red meat and meat products. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 15, 598–611 (2018).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
12.Honish, L. et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with contaminated pork products – Alberta, Canada, July–October 2014. Mmwr. Morbidity Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 65, 1477–1481 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
13.AHS. E. coli outbreak linked to certain pork products in Alberta declared over, https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/news/releases/2018/Page14457.aspx (2018).14.News, F. S. Alberta outbreak prompts raw pork and pork organ recall, https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2016/02/alberta-e-coli-outbreak-prompts-raw-pork-and-pork-organ-recall/ (2016).15.Essendoubi, S. et al. Prevalence and characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on pork carcasses and in swine colon content from provincially-licensed abattoirs in Alberta, Canada. J Food Prot, (2020).16.Colello, R. et al. From farm to table: follow-up of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli throughout the pork production chain in Argentina. Front Microbiol. 7, 93 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Tseng, M., Fratamico, P. M., Bagi, L., Manzinger, D. & Funk, J. A. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in swine: prevalence over the finishing period and characteristics of the STEC isolates. Epidemiol. Infect. 143, 505–514 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
18.Rajkhowa, S. & Sarma, D. K. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of porcine O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from India. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 46, 931–937 (2014).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
19.Meng, Q. et al. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy pigs in China. BMC Microbiol 14, 5 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Ho, W. S., Tan, L. K., Ooi, P. T., Yeo, C. C. & Thong, K. L. Prevalence and characterization of verotoxigenic-Escherichia coli isolates from pigs in Malaysia. BMC Vet. Res. 9, 109 (2013).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Choi, Y. M. et al. Changes in microbial contamination levels of porcine carcasses and fresh pork in slaughterhouses, processing lines, retail outlets, and local markets by commercial distribution. Res. Vet. Sci. 94, 413–418 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
22.Farzan, A., Friendship, R. M., Cook, A. & Pollari, F. Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes in swine. Zoonoses Public Health 57, 388–396 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
23.Lenahan, M. et al. The potential use of chilling to control the growth of Enterobacteriaceae on porcine carcasses and the incidence of E. coli O157:H7 in pigs. J. Appl. Microbiol. 106, 1512–1520 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
24.Milnes, A. S. et al. Factors related to the carriage of Verocytotoxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter. Epidemiol. Infect. 137, 1135–1148 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
25.Kaufmann, M. et al. Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in fecal samples of finished pigs at slaughter in Switzerland. J. Food Prot. 69, 260–266 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
26.Fratamico, P. M., Bagi, L. K., Bush, E. J. & Solow, B. T. Prevalence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in swine feces recovered in the National Animal Health Monitoring System’s Swine 2000 study. Appl Environ. Microbiol 70, 7173–7178 (2004).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Bonardi, S. et al. Detection of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in pigs at slaughter in Italy. Int J. Food Microbiol 85, 101–110 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
28.Eriksson, E., Nerbrink, E., Borch, E., Aspan, A. & Gunnarsson, A. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Swedish pig population. Vet. Rec. 152, 712–717 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
29.Feder, I. et al. Isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from intact colon fecal samples of swine. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 380–383 (2003).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Johnsen, G., Wasteson, Y., Heir, E., Berget, O. I. & Herikstad, H. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the southwest part of Norway during 1998 and 1999. Int J. Food Microbiol 65, 193–200 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
31.Leung, P. H., Yam, W. C., Ng, W. W. & Peiris, J. S. The prevalence and characterization of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle and pigs in an abattoir in Hong Kong. Epidemiol. Infect. 126, 173–179 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Nakazawa, M. & Akiba, M. Swine as a potential reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Japan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 833–834 (1999).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Chapman, P. A., Siddons, C. A., Gerdan Malo, A. T. & Harkin, M. A. A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. Epidemiol. Infect. 119, 245–250 (1997).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Tang, S. et al. Assessment and comparison of molecular subtyping and characterization methods for Salmonella. Front Microbiol. 10, 1591 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Schurch, A. C., Arredondo-Alonso, S., Willems, R. J. L. & Goering, R. V. Whole genome sequencing options for bacterial strain typing and epidemiologic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphism versus gene-by-gene-based approaches. Clin. Microbiol Infect. 24, 350–354 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
36.McNally, A. et al. Combined analysis of variation in core, accessory and regulatory genome regions provides a super-resolution view into the evolution of bacterial populations. PLoS Genet. 12, e1006280 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
37.Kaas, R. S., Friis, C., Ussery, D. W. & Aarestrup, F. M. Estimating variation within the genes and inferring the phylogeny of 186 sequenced diverse Escherichia coli genomes. BMC Genomics 13, 577 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Rusconi, B. et al. Whole genome sequencing for genomics-guided investigations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. Front Microbiol 7, 985 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Rumore, J. et al. Evaluation of whole-genome sequencing for outbreak detection of Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 from the Canadian perspective. BMC Genomics 19, 870 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Manning, S. D. et al. Variation in virulence among clades of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with disease outbreaks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 4868–4873 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
41.Yang, Z. et al. Identification of common subpopulations of non-sorbitol-fermenting, beta-glucuronidase-negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 from bovine production environments and human clinical samples. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 70, 6846–6854 (2004).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Clermont, O., Christenson, J. K., Denamur, E. & Gordon, D. M. The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo-groups. Environ. Microbiol Rep. 5, 58–65 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
43.Latif, H., Li, H. J., Charusanti, P., Palsson, B. O. & Aziz, R. K. A gapless, unambiguous genome sequence of the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain EDL933. Genome Announc. 2, e00821-14 (2014).44.Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. The comparison of dendrograms by objective methods. Taxon 11, 33–40, (1962).45.Pightling, A. W. et al. Interpreting whole-genome sequence analyses of foodborne bacteria for regulatory applications and outbreak investigations. Front Microbiol. 9, 1482 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Galperin, M. Y., Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I. & Koonin, E. V. Expanded microbial genome coverage and improved protein family annotation in the COG database. Nucleic acids Res. 43, D261–269 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
47.Batisson, I. et al. Characterization of the novel factor paa involved in the early steps of the adhesion mechanism of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 71, 4516–4525 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
48.Tatsuno, I. et al. toxB gene on pO157 of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is required for full epithelial cell adherence phenotype. Infect. Immun. 69, 6660–6669 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Wells, T. J. et al. EhaA is a novel autotransporter protein of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 that contributes to adhesion and biofilm formation. Environ. Microbiol. 10, 589–604 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
50.Paton, A. W., Srimanote, P., Woodrow, M. C. & Paton, J. C. Characterization of Saa, a novel autoagglutinating adhesin produced by locus of enterocyte effacement-negative Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli strains that are virulent for humans. Infect. Immun. 69, 6999–7009 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Galli, L., Torres, A. G. & Rivas, M. Identification of the long polar fimbriae gene variants in the locus of enterocyte effacement-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans and cattle in Argentina. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 308, 123–129 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
52.Tarr, P. I. et al. Iha: a novel Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence-conferring molecule encoded on a recently acquired chromosomal island of conserved structure. Infect. Immun. 68, 1400–1407 (2000).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Stanley, P., Koronakis, V. & Hughes, C. Acylation of Escherichia coli hemolysin: a unique protein lipidation mechanism underlying toxin function. Microbiol Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 309–333 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Veilleux, S. & Dubreuil, J. D. Presence of Escherichia coli carrying the EAST1 toxin gene in farm animals. Vet. Res 37, 3–13 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
55.Savarino, S. J. et al. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 represents another subfamily of E. coli heat-stable toxin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 3093–3097 (1993).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
56.Paton, A. W., Srimanote, P., Talbot, U. M., Wang, H. & Paton, J. C. A new family of potent AB(5) cytotoxins produced by Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli. J. Exp. Med 200, 35–46 (2004).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Thomas, C. M. & Summers, D. Encyclopedia of life sciences. (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008).58.Carattoli, A. et al. In silico detection and typing of plasmids using PlasmidFinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58, 3895–3903 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
59.Lim, J. Y., Yoon, J. & Hovde, C. J. A brief overview of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its plasmid O157. J. Microbiol Biotechnol. 20, 5–14 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Kim, J. Y. et al. Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using different detection methods and molecular determination by multiplex PCR and RAPD. J. Vet. Sci. 6, 7–19 (2005).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
61.Jaros, P. et al. Geographic divergence of bovine and human Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli O157: H7 genotypes. NZ 20, 1980 (2014).CAS 

Google Scholar 
62.Mellor, G. E. et al. Geographically distinct Escherichia coli O157 isolates differ by lineage, Shiga toxin genotype, and total shiga toxin production. J. Clin. Micro. 53, 579–586 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Pianciola, L. & Rivas, M. Genotypic features of clinical and bovine Escherichia coli O157 strains isolated in countries with different associated-disease incidences. Microorganisms 6, 36 (2018).64.Strachan, N. J. et al. Whole genome sequencing demonstrates that geographic variation of Escherichia coli O157 genotypes dominates host association. Sci. Rep. 5, 14145 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
65.Touchon, M. et al. Organised genome dynamics in the Escherichia coli species results in highly diverse adaptive paths. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000344 (2009).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
66.Wochtl, B. et al. Comparison of clinical and immunological findings in gnotobiotic piglets infected with Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak strain and EHEC O157:H7. Gut Pathog. 9, 30 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
67.Booher, S. L., Cornick, N. A. & Moon, H. W. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in experimentally infected swine. Vet. Microbiol. 89, 69–81 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
68.Moxley, R. A. Edema disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pr. 16, 175–185 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
69.Melton-Celsa, A. R. Shiga toxin (Stx) classification, structure, and function. Microbiol Spectr. 2, EHEC-0024-2013 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
70.Fuller, C. A., Pellino, C. A., Flagler, M. J., Strasser, J. E. & Weiss, A. A. Shiga toxin subtypes display dramatic differences in potency. Infect. Immun. 79, 1329–1337 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
71.Tesh, V. L. et al. Comparison of the relative toxicities of Shiga-like toxins type I and type II for mice. Infect. Immun. 61, 3392–3402 (1993).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
72.Tarr, G. A. M. et al. Contribution and interaction of Shiga toxin genes to Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence. Toxins (Basel) 11, 607 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
73.Chui, L. et al. Molecular profiling of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 strains isolated from humans and cattle in Alberta, Canada. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 986–990 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
74.Goma, M. K. E., Indraswari, A., Haryanto, A. & Widiasih, D. A. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shiga toxin 2a gene in pork, pig feces, and clean water at Jagalan slaughterhouse in Surakarta, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Vet. World 12, 1584–1590 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
75.Baranzoni, G. M. et al. Characterization of Shiga toxin subtypes and virulence genes in porcine Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol. 7, 574 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
76.Mohlatlole, R. P. et al. Virulence profiles of enterotoxigenic, Shiga toxin and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in South African pigs. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 45, 1399–1405 (2013).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
77.Blanco, M. et al. Serotypes, virulence genes, and intimin types of Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from cattle in Spain and identification of a new intimin variant gene (eae-xi). J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 645–651 (2004).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
78.Kobayashi, N. et al. Virulence gene profiles and population genetic analysis for exploration of pathogenic serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51, 4022–4028 (2013).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
79.Meng, J., Zhao, S. & Doyle, M. P. Virulence genes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from food, animals and humans. Int J. Food Microbiol 45, 229–235 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
80.Mora, A. et al. Phage types, virulence genes and PFGE profiles of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from raw beef, soft cheese and vegetables in Lima (Peru). Int J. Food Microbiol. 114, 204–210 (2007).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
81.Sallam, K. I., Mohammed, M. A., Ahdy, A. M. & Tamura, T. Prevalence, genetic characterization and virulence genes of sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H- and E. coli O157:H7 isolated from retail beef. Int J. Food Microbiol 165, 295–301 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
82.Solomakos, N. et al. Occurrence, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from raw bovine, caprine and ovine milk in Greece. Food Microbiol. 26, 865–871 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
83.Tóth, I. et al. Virulence genes and molecular typing of different groups of Escherichia coli O157 strains in cattle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 6282 (2009).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
84.Rao, S. et al. Antimicrobial drug use and antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria among cattle from Alberta feedlots. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 7, 449–457 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
85.Benedict, K. M. et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli recovered from feedlot fattle and associations with antimicrobial use. PLoS ONE 10, e0143995 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
86.Stanford, K., Johnson, R. P., Alexander, T. W., McAllister, T. A. & Reuter, T. Influence of season and feedlot location on prevalence and virulence factors of seven serogroups of Escherichia coli in feces of western-Canadian slaughter cattle. PLoS ONE 11, e0159866 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
87.Mercer, R. G. et al. Genetic determinants of heat resistance in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol. 6, 932 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
88.Stanford, K. et al. Monitoring Escherichia coli O157:H7 in inoculated and naturally colonized feedlot cattle and their environment. J. Food Prot. 68, 26–33 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
89.Munns, K. D. et al. Comparative genomic analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from super-shedder and low-shedder cattle. PLoS ONE 11, e0151673 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
90.Bach, S. J. et al. Electrolyzed oxidizing anode water as a sanitizer for use in abattoirs. J. Food Prot. 69, 1616–1622 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
91.Stanford, K., Gibb, D. & McAllister, T. A. Evaluation of a shelf-stable direct-fed microbial for control of Escherichia coli O157 in commercial feedlot cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93, 535–542 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
92.Stanford, K., Hannon, S., Booker, C. W. & Jim, G. K. Variable efficacy of a vaccine and direct-fed microbial for controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides of feedlot cattle. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 11, 379–387 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
93.Berenger, B. M. et al. The utility of multiple molecular methods including whole genome sequencing as tools to differentiate Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. Euro Surveill. 20, 30073 (2015).94.Stephens, T. P., McAllister, T. A. & Stanford, K. Perineal swabs reveal effect of super shedders on the transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in commercial feedlots. J. Anim. Sci. 87, 4151–4160 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
95.Zhang, P. et al. Genome sequences of 104 Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates from pigs, cattle, and pork production environments in Alberta, Canada. Microbiol. Resour. Announc. 10, (2021).96.Riordan, J. T., Viswanath, S. B., Manning, S. D. & Whittam, T. S. Genetic differentiation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 clades associated with human disease by real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 2070–2073 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
97.Croucher, N. J. et al. Rapid phylogenetic analysis of large samples of recombinant bacterial whole genome sequences using Gubbins. Nucleic Acids Res. 43, e15–e15 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
98.Stamatakis, A. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinforma. (Oxf., Engl.) 30, 1312–1313 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
99.Letunic, I. & Bork, P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments. Nucleic acids Res. 47, W256–W259 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
100.Yu, G. Using ggtree to visualize data on tree-like structures. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 69, e96 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
101.Silva, M. et al. chewBBACA: A complete suite for gene-by-gene schema creation and strain identification. Micro. Genom. 4, e000166 (2018).
Google Scholar 
102.Zhou, Z. et al. GrapeTree: visualization of core genomic relationships among 100,000 bacterial pathogens. Genome Res. 28, 1395–1404 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
103.Seemann, T. Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics (Oxf., Engl.) 30, 2068–2069 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
104.Page, A. J. et al. Roary: rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis. Bioinformatics (Oxf., Engl.) 31, 3691–3693 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
105.Zhang, P., Gänzle, M. & Yang, X. Complementary antibacterial effects of bacteriocins and organic acids as revealed by comparative analysis of Carnobacterium spp. from meat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 85, e01227-19 (2019).106.Zheng, J., Zhao, X., Lin, X. B. & Ganzle, M. Comparative genomics Lactobacillus reuteri from sourdough reveals adaptation of an intestinal symbiont to food fermentations. Sci. Rep. 5, 18234 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
107.Schliep, K., Potts, A. J., Morrison, D. A. & Grimm, G. W. Intertwining phylogenetic trees and networks. Methods Ecol. Evol. 8, 1212–1220 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
108.Joensen, K. G. et al. Real-time whole-genome sequencing for routine typing, surveillance, and outbreak detection of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52, 1501–1510 (2014).109.Bortolaia, V. et al. ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 75, 3491–3500 (2020). More

1.Cronk, Q. C. B. & Fuller, J. L. Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems (Chapman and Hall, 1995).
Google Scholar 
2.Tererai, F. & Wood, A. R. On the present and potential distribution of Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae) in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 95, 152–158 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Yu, F., Akin-Fajiye, M., Thapa Magar, K., Ren, J. & Gurevitch, J. A global systematic review of ecological field studies on two major invasive plant species, Ageratina adenophora and Chromolaena odorata. Divers. Distrib. 22, 1174–1185 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Niu, H. B., Liu, W. X., Wan, F. H. & Liu, B. An invasive aster (Ageratina adenophora) invades and dominates forest understories in China: Altered soil microbial communities facilitate the invader and inhibit natives. Plant Soil 294, 73–85 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Wang, J. J. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.). In Biology and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Agriculture and Forestry (eds Wan, F. H. et al.) 651–661 (Science Press, 2005).
Google Scholar 
6.Yang, G., Gui, F., Liu, W. & Wan, F. Crofton weed Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel). In Biological Invasions and Its Management in China (eds Wan, F. et al.) 111–129 (Springer, 2017).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
7.Shrestha, B. B. Invasive alien plant species in Nepal. In Frontiers of Botany (eds Jha, P. K. et al.) 269–284 (Tribhuvan University, 2016).
Google Scholar 
8.Alka, C., Adhikari, B. S., Joshi, N. C. & Rawat, G. S. Patterns of invasion by crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) in Kailash sacred landscape region of western Himalaya (India). Environ. Conserv. J. 20, 9–17 (2019).
Google Scholar 
9.Balami, S. & Thapa, L. B. Herbivory damage in native Alnus nepalensis and invasive Ageratina adenophora. Bot. Orient. 11, 7–11 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Thapa, L. B., Kaewchumnong, K., Sinkkonen, A. & Sridith, K. Plant communities and Ageratina adenophora invasion in lower montane vegetation, central Nepal. Int. J. Ecol. Dev. 31, 35–49 (2016).
Google Scholar 
11.Thapa, L. B., Thapa, H. & Magar, B. G. Perception, trends and impacts of climate change in Kailali District, Far West Nepal. Int. J. Environ. 4, 62–76 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Thapa, N. & Maharjan, M. Invasive alien species: Threats and challenges for biodiversity conservation (A case study of Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal). In Proc. International Conference on Invasive Alien Species Management, Chitwan, March 25–27, 2014 (eds Thapa, G. J. et al.) 18–22 (National Trust for Nature Conservation, 2014).
Google Scholar 
13.Tiwari, S., Adhikari, B., Siwakoti, M. & Subedi, K. An Inventory and Assessment of Invasive Alien Plant Species of Nepal (IUCN Nepal, 2005).
Google Scholar 
14.Tripathi, R. S., Yadav, A. S. & Kushwaha, S. P. S. Biology of Chromolaena odorata and Ageratina adenophora. In Invasive Alien Plants: An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent (eds Bhatt, J. R. et al.) 43–56 (CAB International Publishing, 2012).
Google Scholar 
15.Fu, D., Wu, X., Huang, N. & Duan, C. Effects of the invasive herb Ageratina adenophora on understory plant communities and tree seedling growth in Pinus yunnanensis forests in Yunnan, China. J. For. Res. 23, 112–119 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Thapa, L. B., Kaewchumnong, K., Sinkkonen, A. & Sridith, K. “Soaked in rainwater” effect of Ageratina adenophora on seedling growth and development of native tree species in Nepal. Flora 263, 151554 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Thapa, L. B., Kaewchumnong, K., Sinkkonen, A. & Sridith, K. Airborne and belowground phytotoxicity of invasive Ageratina adenophora on native species in Nepal. Plant Ecol. 221, 883–892 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Wan, F. et al. Invasive mechanism and control strategy of Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel). Sci. China Life Sci. 53, 1291–1298 (2010).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Thapa, L. B., Kaewchumnong, K., Sinkkonen, A. & Sridith, K. Plant invasiveness and target plant density: High densities of native Schima wallichii seedlings reduce negative effects of invasive Ageratina adenophora. Weed Res. 57, 72–80 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Wan, H., Liu, W. & Wan, F. Allelopathic effect of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) leaf litter on four herbaceous plants in invaded regions. Chin. J. Eco-Agric. 19, 130–134 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Yang, G. Q., Wan, F. H., Guo, J. Y. & Liu, W. X. Cellular and ultrastructural changes in the seedling roots of upland rice (Oryza sativa) under the stress of two allelochemicals from Ageratina adenophora. Weed Biol. Manage. 11, 152–159 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Zhang, F., Guo, J., Chen, F., Liu, W. & Wan, F. Identification of volatile compounds released by leaves of the invasive plant croftonweed (Ageratina adenophora, Compositae), and their inhibition of rice seedling growth. Weed Sci. 60, 205–211 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Inderjit, E. H. et al. Volatile chemicals from leaf litter are associated with invasiveness of a Neotropical weed in Asia. Ecology 92, 316–324 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Yang, G. Q., Qiu, W. R., Jin, Y. N. & Wan, F. H. Potential allelochemicals from root exudates of invasive Ageratina adenophora. Allelopathy J. 32, 233 (2013).
Google Scholar 
25.Zhu, X. Z., Guo, J., Shao, H. & Yang, G. Q. Effects of allelochemicals from Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) on its own autotoxicity. Allelopathy J. 34, 253 (2014).
Google Scholar 
26.Latif, S., Chiapusio, G. & Weston, L. A. Allelopathy and the role of allelochemicals in plant defence. Adv. Bot. Res. 82, 19–54 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Siggia, S. Importance of functional group determination in organic quantitative analysis. J. Chem. Educ. 27(3), 141 (1950).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Rogers, E. R., Zalesny, R. S., Hallett, R. A., Headlee, W. L. & Wiese, A. H. Relationships among root–shoot ratio, early growth, and health of hybrid poplar and willow clones grown in different landfill soils. Forests 10, 49 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Thornley, J. H. M. A balanced quantitative model for root: Shoot ratios in vegetative plants. Ann. Bot. 36, 431–441 (1972).Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Mašková, T. & Herben, T. Root: Shoot ratio in developing seedlings: How seedlings change their allocation in response to seed mass and ambient nutrient supply. Ecol. Evol. 8, 7143–7150 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Das, M. B. B., Acharya, B. D., Saquib, M. & Chettri, M. K. Effect of aqueous extract and compost of invasive weed Ageratina adenophora on seed germination and seedling growth of some crops and weeds. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manage. 4, 11–20 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Zhou, Z. Y. et al. Phenolics from Ageratina adenophora roots and their phytotoxic effects on Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination and seedling growth. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61, 11792–11799 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Zhang, M. et al. Bioactive quinic acid derivatives from Ageratina adenophora. Molecules 18, 14096–14104 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Dong, L. M. et al. Two new thymol derivatives from the roots of Ageratina adenophora. Molecules 22, 592 (2017).PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
35.Zhao, X. et al. Terpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum and their allelopathic effects on Arabidopsis seeds germination. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 478–482 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Kollmann, J., Brink-Jensen, K., Frandsen, S. I. & Hansen, M. K. Uprooting and burial of invasive alien plants: A new tool in coastal restoration? Restor. Ecol. 19(3), 371–378 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Jiao, Y. et al. In situ aerobic composting eliminates the toxicity of Ageratina adenophora to maize and converts it into a plant-and soil-friendly organic fertilizer. J. Hazard. Mater. 410, 124554 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
38.Chen, X. et al. (2015) Impacts of four invasive Asteraceae on soil physico-chemical properties and AM fungi community. Am. J. Plant Sci. 6, 2734 (2009).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
39.Yu, F. K. et al. Impacts of Ageratina adenophora invasion on soil physical–chemical properties of Eucalyptus plantation and implications for constructing agro-forest ecosystem. Ecol. Eng. 64, 130–135 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Nirola, R. & Jha, P. K. Phytodiversity and soil study of Shiwalik Hills of Ilam, Nepal: An ecological perspective. Ecoprint 18, 77–83 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Lu, J. S., Shen, T., Guo, Z., Shen, X. W. & Zheng, S. Z. The chemical constituents of Elsholtzia blanda. Acta Bot. Sin. 43, 545–550 (2001).CAS 

Google Scholar 
42.Singh, T. T., Sharma, H. M., Devi, A. R. & Sharma, H. R. Plants used in the treatment of piles by the scheduled caste community of Andro village in Imphal East District, Manipur (India). J. Plant Sci. 2, 113–119 (2014).
Google Scholar 
43.Malla, B. & Chhetri, R. B. Indigenous knowledge on medicinal non-timber forest products (NTFP) in Parbat district of Nepal. Indo. Glob. J. Pharm. Sci. 2, 213–225 (2012).
Google Scholar 
44.Climate-data.org. Chitlang Climate (Nepal) (2021). https://en.climate-data.org/asia/nepal/central-development-region/chitlang-1061755/ (Accessed 2 April 2021).45.Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37(1), 29–38 (1934).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Bremner, J. M. & Mulvaney, C. S. Nitrogen-total. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 (eds Page, A. L. et al.) 595–624 (American Society of Agronomy, 1982).
Google Scholar 
47.Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanable, F. S. & Dean, L. A. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. USDA Circular 939 (U.S. Govt Printing Office, 1954).
Google Scholar 
48.Toth, S. J. & Prince, A. L. Estimation of cation-exchange capacity and exchangeable Ca, K, and Na contents of soils by flame photometer techniques. Soil Sci. 67(6), 439–446 (1949).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Bajracharya, D. Experiments in Plant Physiology. 51-52 (Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India, 1999). More

1.Sala, O. E. et al. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770–1774 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Sakai, A. K. et al. The population biology of invasive species. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 32, 305–312 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Buckingham, G. R. Biological control of alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, the world’s first aquatic weed success story. Castanea 61, 232–243 (1996).
Google Scholar 
4.Bassett, I., Paynter, Q., Hankin, R. & Beggs, J. R. Characterising alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; Amaranthaceae) invasion at a northern New Zealand lake. New Zeal. J. Ecol. 36, 216–222 (2012).
Google Scholar 
5.Chatterjee, A. & Dewanji, A. Effect of varying Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) cover on the macrophyte species diversity of pond ecosystems: A quadrat-based study. Aquat. Invasions 9, 343–355 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Xu, C. Y., Zhang, W. J., Fu, C. Z. & Lu, B. R. Genetic diversity of alligator weed in China by RAPD analysis. Biodivers. Conserv. 12, 637–645 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Wang, B. R., Li, W. G. & Wang, J. B. Genetic diversity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in China. Aquat. Bot. 81, 277–283 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Geng, Y. P. et al. Phenotypic plasticity of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides in relation to different water availability, compared to its native congener. Acta. Oecol. 30, 380–385 (2006).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Pan, X. Y., Geng, Y. P., Zhang, W. J., Li, B. & Chen, J. K. The influence of abiotic stress and phenotypic plasticity on the distribution of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides along a riparian zone. Acta. Oecol. 30, 333–341 (2006).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Peng, X. M. et al. Vegetative propagation capacity of invasive alligator weed through small stolon fragments under different treatments. Sci. Rep. 7, 43826. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43826 (2017).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
11.Dugdale, T., Clements, D., Hunt, T. & Butler, K. Alligator weed produces viable stem fragments in response to herbicide treatment. J. Aquat. Plant Manag. 48, 84–91 (2010).
Google Scholar 
12.Chen, Y., Zhou, Y., Yin, T. F., Liu, C. X. & Lou, F. L. The invasive wetland plant Alternanthera philoxeroides shows a higher tolerance to waterlogging than its native congener Alternanthera sessilis. PloS One 8, e81456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081456 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
13.Tao, Y., Chen, F., Wan, K. Y., Li, X. W. & Li, J. Q. The structural adaptation of aerial parts of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides to water regime. J. Plant Biol. 52, 403–410 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Wang, N. et al. Clonal integration supports the expansion from terrestrial to aquatic environments of the amphibious stoloniferous herb Alternanthera philoxeroides. Plant Biol. 11, 483–489 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Fan, S. F. et al. The effects of complete submergence on the morphological and biomass allocation response of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides. Hydrobiologia 746, 159–169 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Wang, H. F. et al. Effects of submergence on growth, survival and recovery growth of Alternanthera philoxeroides. J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 26, 147–152 (2008).
Google Scholar 
17.Zhang, H. J. et al. Effects of submergence and eutrophication on the morphological traits and biomass allocation of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides. J. Freshw. Ecol. 31, 341–349 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Sun, J. F. et al. Addition of Phosphorus and nitrogen support the invasiveness of Alternanthera philoxeroides under water stress. Clean Soil Air Water 48, 2000059. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.202000059 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Zhou, J., Li, H. L., Alpert, P., Zhang, M. X. & Yu, F. H. Fragmentation of the invasive, clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides decreases its growth but not its competitive effect. Flora 228, 17–23 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Danckwerts, J. E. & Gordon, A. J. Long-term partitioning, storage and remobilization of 14C assimilated by Trifolium repens (cv. Blanc). Ann. Bot. 64, 533–544 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Corre, N., Bouchart, V., Ourry, A. & Boucaud, J. Mobilization of nitrogen reserves during regrowth of defoliated Trifolium repens L. and identification of potential vegetative storage proteins. J. Exp. Bot. 47, 1111–1118 (1996).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Granstedt, R. C. & Huffaker, R. C. Identification of the leaf vacuole as a major nitrate storage pool. Plant Physiol. 70, 410–413 (1982).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Dong, B. C. et al. How internode length, position and presence of leaves affect survival and growth of Alternanthera philoxeroides after fragmentation?. Evol. Ecol. 24, 1447–1461 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Wu, Y. J., Du, T. S. & Wang, L. X. Isotope signature of maize stem and leaf and investigation of transpiration and water transport. Agric. Water Manag. 247, 106727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106727 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Khaitov, B. et al. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)—Growth and phytochemical compound secretion in degraded lands under drought stress. Sustainability 13, 2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052923 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Poorter, H., Remkes, C. & Lambers, H. Carbon and nitrogen economy of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate. Plant Physiol. 94, 621–627 (1990).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Mommer, L. & Visser, E. J. W. Underwater photosynthesis in flooded terrestrial plants: A matter of leaf plasticity. Ann. Bot. Lond. 96, 581–589 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Gibbs, J. & Greenway, H. Review: Mechanisms of anoxia tolerance in plants I. Growth, survival and anaerobic catabolism. Funct. Plant Biol. 30, 353 (2003).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Wang, H. F. et al. Survival and growth response of Vetiveria zizanioides, Acorus calamus and Alternanthera philoxeroides to long-term submergence. Acta Ecol. Sinica 28, 2571–2580 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Singh, H. B., Singh, B. B. & Ram, P. C. Submergence tolerance of rain fed lowland rice: Search for physiological marker traits. J. Plant Physiol. 158, 883–889 (2001).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Das, K. K., Sarkar, R. K. & Ismail, A. M. Elongation ability and nonstructural carbohydrate levels in relation to submergence tolerance in rice. Plant Sci. 168, 131–136 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Laan, P. & Blom, C. W. P. M. Growth and survival responses of Rumex species to flooded and submerged conditions: The importance of shoot elongation, underwater photosynthesis and reserve carbohydrates. J. Exp. Bot. 228, 775–783 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Lynn, D. E. & Waldren, S. Survival of Ranunculus repens L. (Creeping Buttercup) in an amphibious habitat. Ann. Bot. Lond. 91, 75–84 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Kende, H., van deer Knaap, E. & Cho, H. T. Deep water rice: A model plant to study stem elongation. Plant Physiol. 118, 1105–1110 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Voesenek, L. A. C. J. et al. Plant hormones regulate fast shoot elongation under water: From genes to communities. Ecology 85, 16–27 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Voesenek, L. A. C. J. et al. How plants cope with complete submergence. New Phytol. 170, 213–226 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Groeneveld, H. W. & Voesenek, L. A. C. J. Submergence-induced petiole elongation in Rumex palustris is controlled by developmental stage and storage compounds. Plant Soil. 253, 115–123 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Jackson, M. B. & Colmer, T. D. Response and adaptation by plants to flooding stress. Ann. Bot. Lond. 96, 501–505 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Banach, K. et al. Differences in flooding tolerance between species from two wetland habitats with contrasting hydrology: Implications for vegetation development in future floodwater retention areas. Ann. Bot Lond. 103, 341–351 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Bailey-Serres, J. & Voesenek, L. A. C. J. Flooding stress: Acclimations and genetic diversity. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59, 313–339 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Kawano, N., Ito, O. & Sakagami, J. I. Morphological and physiological responses of rice seedlings to complete submergence (flash flooding). Ann. Bot. Lond. 103, 161–169 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Luo, F. L. et al. Recovery dynamics of growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate accumulation after de-submergence: A comparison between two wetland plants showing escape and quiescence strategies. Ann. Bot. Lond. 107, 49–63 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Akman, M. et al. Wait or escape? Contrasting submergence tolerance strategies of Rorippa amphibia, Rorippa sylvestris and their hybrid. Ann. Bot. Lond. 109, 1263–1275 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
44.He, J. B. et al. Survival tactics of Ranunculus species in river floodplains. Oecologia 118, 1–8 (1999).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Julien, M. H., Bourne, A. S. & Low, V. H. K. Growth of the weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach, (alligator weed) in aquatic and terrestrial habitats in Australia. Plant Prot. Q. 7, 102–108 (1992).
Google Scholar 
46.Mauchamp, A., Blanch, S. & Grillas, P. Effects of submergence on the growth of Phragmites australis seedlings. Aquat. Bot. 69, 147–164 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Chen, H. J., Qualls, R. G. & Miller, G. C. Adaptive responses of Lepidium latifolium to soil flooding: Biomass allocation, adventitious rooting, aerenchyma formation and ethylene production. Environ. Exp. Bot. 48, 119–128 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
48.Shen, J. Y., Shen, M. Q., Wang, X. H. & Lu, Y. T. Effect of environmental factors on shoot emergence and vegetative growth of alligatrorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides). Weed Sci. 53, 471–478 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Schooler, S. S. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach. A Handbook of Global Freshwater Invasive Species (ed. Francis, R. A.) 25–35 (Earthscan, 2012).50.Blom, C. W. P. M. & Voesenek, L. A. C. J. Flooding: The survival strategies of plants. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11, 290–295 (1996).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Vartapetian, B. B. & Jackson, M. B. Plant adaptations to anaerobic stress. Ann. Bot-London 79, 3–20 (1997).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Visser, E. J. W., Bögemann, G. M., Van De Steeg, H. M., Pierik, R. & Blom, C. W. P. M. Flooding tolerance of Carex species in relation to field distribution and aerenchyma formation. New Phytol. 148, 93–103 (2000).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Ruprecht, E., Fenesi, A. & Nijs, I. Are plasticity in functional traits and constancy in performance traits linked with invasiveness? An experimental test comparing invasive and naturalized plant species. Biol. Invasions 16, 1359–1372 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Poorter, H. et al. Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: Meta-analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control. New Phytol. 193, 30–50 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Fu, H. et al. An alternative mechanism for shade adaptation: Implication of allometric responses of three submersed macrophytes to water depth. Ecol. Res. 27, 1087–1094 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.The weather network. https://www.tianqi.com/ More

1.Honey: market value worldwide 2007–2016. https://www.statista.com/statistics/933928/global-market-value-of-honey/. Accessed Nov 2020.2.Highfield AC, El Nagar A, Mackinder LCM, Noël LM-LJ, Hall MJ, Martin SJ, et al. Deformed wing virus implicated in overwintering honeybee colony losses. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75:7212–20.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
3.Ongus JR, Peters D, Bonmatin JM, Bengsch E, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Complete sequence of a picorna-like virus of the genus Iflavirus replicating in the mite Varroa destructor. J Gen Virol. 2004;85:3747–55.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
4.Lanzi G, Miranda JRD, Boniotti MB, Cameron CE, Lavazza A, Capucci L, et al. Molecular and biological characterization of Deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). J Virol. 2006;80:4998–5009.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
5.Fujiyuki T, Takeuchi H, Ono M, Ohka S, Sasaki T, Nomoto A, et al. Kakugo virus from brains of aggressive worker honeybees. Adv Virus Res. 2005;65:1–27.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
6.Dalmon A, Desbiez C, Coulon M, Thomasson M, Le Conte Y, Alaux C, et al. Evidence for positive selection and recombination hotspots in Deformed wing virus (DWV). Sci Rep. 2017;7:41045.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
7.Zioni N, Soroker V, Chejanovsky N. Replication of Varroa destructor virus 1 (VDV-1) and a Varroa destructor virus 1–deformed wing virus recombinant (VDV-1–DWV) in the head of the honey bee. Virology. 2011;417:106–12.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
8.Ryabov EV, Childers AK, Chen Y, Madella S, Nessa A, Vanengelsdorp D, et al. Recent spread of Varroa destructor virus – 1, a honey bee pathogen, in the United States. Sci Rep. 2017;7:17447.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
9.Moore J, Jironkin A, Chandler D, Burroughs N, Evans DJ, Ryabov EV. Recombinants between Deformed wing virus and Varroa destructor virus-1 may prevail in Varroa destructor-infested honeybee colonies. J Gen Virol. 2011;92:156–61.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
10.Mordecai GJ, Brettell LE, Martin SJ, Dixon D, Jones IM, Schroeder DC. Superinfection exclusion and the long-term survival of honey bees in Varroa-infested colonies. ISME J. 2015;10:1182–91.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
11.Woodford L, Evans DJ. Deformed wing virus: using reverse genetics to tackle unanswered questions about the most important viral pathogen of honey bees. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2020; fuaa070, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuaa070.12.Mordecai GJ, Wilfert L, Martin SJ, Jones IM, Schroeder DC. Diversity in a honey bee pathogen: first report of a third master variant of the Deformed Wing Virus quasispecies. ISME J. 2016;10:1264–73.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
13.McMahon DP, Natsopoulou ME, Doublet V, Fürst M, Weging S, Brown MJF, et al. Elevated virulence of an emerging viral genotype as a driver of honeybee loss. Proc Biol Sci. 2016;283:443–9.
Google Scholar 
14.Wilfert L, Long G, Leggett HC, Schmid-Hempel P, Butlin R, Martin SJM, et al. Deformed wing virus is a recent global epidemic in honeybees driven by Varroa mites. Science. 2016;351:594–7.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
15.de Miranda JR, Genersch E. Deformed wing virus. J Invertebr Pathol. 2010;103:S48–S61.PubMed 

Google Scholar 
16.Roberts JMK, Anderson DL, Durr PA. Absence of deformed wing virus and Varroa destructor in Australia provides unique perspectives on honeybee viral landscapes and colony losses. Sci Rep. 2017;7:6925.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
17.Yue C, Schröder M, Gisder S, Genersch E. Vertical-transmission routes for deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera). J Gen Virol. 2007;88:2329–36.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
18.Ryabov EV, Childers AK, Lopez D, Grubbs K, Posada-Florez F, Weaver D, et al. Dynamic evolution in the key honey bee pathogen deformed wing virus: novel insights into virulence and competition using reverse genetics. PLoS Biol. 2019; 17; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000502.19.Martin SJ, Highfield AC, Brettell L, Villalobos EM, Budge GE, Powell M, et al. Global honey bee viral landscape altered by a parasitic mite. Science. 2012;336:1304–6.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
20.Loope KJ, Baty JW, Lester PJ, Wilson Rankin EE. Pathogen shifts in a honeybee predator following the arrival of the Varroa mite. Proc Biol Sci. 2019;286:20182499.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
21.Ryabov EV, Wood GR, Fannon JM, Moore JD, Bull JC, Chandler D, et al. A virulent strain of deformed wing virus (DWV) of honeybees (Apis mellifera) prevails after Varroa destructor-mediated, or in vitro, transmission. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1004230.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
22.Kevill JL, de Souza FS, Sharples C, Oliver R, Schroeder DC, Martin SJ. DWV-A lethal to honey bees (Apis mellifera): a colony level survey of DWV variants (A, B, and C) in England, Wales, and 32 States across the US. Viruses. 2019;11:426.PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
23.Tehel A, Vu Q, Bigot D, Gogol-Döring A, Koch P, Jenkins C, et al. The two prevalent genotypes of an emerging infectious disease, Deformed wing virus, cause equally low pupal mortality and equally high wing deformities in host honey bees. Viruses. 2019;11:114.CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
24.Norton AM, Remnant EJ, Buchmann G, Beekman M. Accumulation and competition amongst Deformed wing virus genotypes in naïve Australian honeybees provides insight Into the increasing global prevalence of genotype B. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:620.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
25.Gusachenko ON, Woodford L, Balbirnie-Cumming K, Campbell EM, Christie CR, Bowman AS, et al. Green bees: reverse genetic analysis of Deformed wing virus transmission, replication, and tropism. Viruses. 2020;12:532.CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
26.Steck FT, Rubin H. The mechanism of interference between an avian leukosis virus and Rous sarcoma virus. II. Early steps of infection by RSV of cells under conditions of interference. Virology. 1966;29:642–53.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
27.Adams RH, Brown DT. BHK cells expressing Sindbis virus-induced homologous interference allow the translation of nonstructural genes of superinfecting virus. J Virol. 1985;54:351–7.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
28.Strauss JH, Strauss EG. The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol Rev. 1994;58:491–562.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
29.Karpf AR, Lenches E, Strauss EG, Strauss JH, Brown DT. Superinfection exclusion of alphaviruses in three mosquito cell lines persistently infected with Sindbis virus. J Virol. 1997;71:7119–23.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
30.Singh IR, Suomalainen M, Varadarajan S, Garoff H, Helenius A. Multiple mechanisms for the inhibition of entry and uncoating of superinfecting Semliki Forest virus. Virology. 1997;231:59–71.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
31.Geib T, Sauder C, Venturelli S, Hässler C, Staeheli P, Schwemmle M. Selective virus resistance conferred by expression of Borna disease virus nucleocapsid components. J Virol. 2003;77:4283–90.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
32.Edwards MC, Bragg J, Jackson AO. Natural resistance mechanisms to viruses in barley. In: Loebenstein G and Carr JP, editors. Natural Resistance Mechanisms of Plants to Viruses. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer; 2006. p. 465–501.33.Bergua M, Zwart MP, El-Mohtar C, Shilts T, Elena SF, Folimonova SY. A viral protein mediates superinfection exclusion at the whole-organism level but Is not required for exclusion at the cellular Level. J Virol. 2014;88:11327–38.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
34.Michel N, Allespach I, Venzke S, Fackler OT, Keppler OT. The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus establishes superinfection immunity by a dual strategy to downregulate cell-surface CCR5 and CD4. Curr Biol. 2005;15:714–23.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
35.Tscherne DM, Evans MJ, von Hahn T, Jones CT, Stamataki Z, McKeating JA, et al. Superinfection exclusion in cells infected with hepatitis C virus. J Virol. 2007;81:3693–703.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
36.Leonard SP, Powell JE, Perutka J, Geng P, Heckmann LC, Horak RD, et al. Engineered symbionts activate honey bee immunity and limit pathogens. Science. 2020;367:573–6.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
37.Lamp B, Url A, Seitz K, Rgen Eichhorn J, Riedel C, Sinn LJ, et al. Construction and rescue of a molecular clone of Deformed wing virus (DWV). PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0164639.38.Gusachenko ON, Woodford L, Balbirnie-Cumming K, Ryabov EV, Evans DJ. Evidence for and against deformed wing virus spillover from honey bees to bumble bees: a reverse genetic analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:16847.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
39.Routh A, Johnson JE. Discovery of functional genomic motifs in viruses with ViReMa – a Virus Recombination Mapper – for analysis of next-generation sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42:e11.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
40.Ryabov EV, Christmon K, Heerman MC, Posada-Florez F, Harrison RL, Chen Y, et al. Development of a honey bee RNA virus vector based on the genome of a Deformed wing virus. Viruses. 2020;12:374.CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
41.Mueller S, Wimmer E. Expression of foreign proteins by poliovirus polyprotein fusion: analysis of genetic stability reveals rapid deletions and formation of cardioviruslike open reading frames. J Virol. 1998;72:20–31.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
42.Kirkegaard K, Baltimore D. The mechanism of RNA recombination in poliovirus. Cell. 1986;47:433–43.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
43.Egger D, Bienz K. Recombination of poliovirus RNA proceeds in mixed replication complexes originating from distinct replication start sites. J Virol. 2002;76:10960–71.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
44.Lowry K, Woodman A, Cook J, Evans DJ. Recombination in enteroviruses is a biphasic replicative process involving the generation of greater-than genome length ‘imprecise’ Intermediates. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004191.45.de Miranda JR, Fries I. Venereal and vertical transmission of deformed wing virus in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). J Invertebr Pathol. 2008;98:184–9.PubMed 

Google Scholar 
46.Yañez O, Jaffé R, Jarosch A, Fries I, Robin FAM, Robert JP, et al. Deformed wing virus and drone mating flights in the honey bee (Apis mellifera): Implications for sexual transmission of a major honey bee virus. Apidologie. 2012;43:17–30.
Google Scholar 
47.Simon KO, Cardamone JJ Jr, Whitaker-Dowling PA, Youngner JS, Widnell CC. Cellular mechanisms in the superinfection exclusion of vesicular stomatitis virus. Virology. 1990;177:375–9.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
48.Stevenson M, Meier C, Mann AM, Chapman N, Wasiak A. Envelope glycoprotein of HIV induces interference and cytolysis resistance in CD4+ cells: mechanism for persistence in AIDS. Cell. 1988;53:483–96.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
49.Bratt MA, Rubin H.Specific interference among strains of Newcastle disease virus. II. Comparison of interference by active and inactive virus.Virology. 1968;35:381–94.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
50.Zou G, Zhang B, Lim P-Y, Yuan Z, Bernard KA, Shi P-Y. Exclusion of West Nile virus superinfection through RNA replication. J Virol. 2009;83:11765–76.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
51.Ziebell H, Carr JP. Cross-protection: a century of mystery. Adv Virus Res. 2010;76:211–64.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
52.Folimonova SY. Developing an understanding of cross-protection by Citrus tristeza virus. Front Microbiol. 2013;4; https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00076.53.Gisder S, Genersch E. Direct evidence for infection of mites with the bee-pathogenic Deformed wing virus variant B – but not variant A – via fluorescence-hybridization analysis. J Virol. 2021;95:e01786–20.CAS 

Google Scholar 
54.Posada-Florez F, Childers AK, Heerman MC, Egekwu NI, Cook SC, Chen Y, et al. Deformed wing virus type A, a major honey bee pathogen, is vectored by the mite Varroa destructor in a non-propagative manner. Sci Rep. 2019;9:12445.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
55.Barr JN, Fearns R. How RNA viruses maintain their genome integrity. J Gen Virol. 2010;91:1373–87.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
56.Bentley K, Evans DJ. Mechanisms and consequences of positive-strand RNA virus recombination. J Gen Virol. 2018;99:1345–56.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
57.Muslin C, Mac Kain A, Bessaud M, Blondel B, Delpeyroux F. Recombination in enteroviruses, a multi-step modular evolutionary process. Viruses. 2019;11:859.CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
58.Alnaji FG, Bentley K, Pearson A, Woodman A, Moore JD, Fox H, et al. Recombination in enteroviruses is a ubiquitous event independent of sequence homology and RNA structure. 2020; preprint at bioRxiv; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.319285.59.Brutscher LM, Flenniken ML. RNAi and antiviral defense in the honey bee. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:941897.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
60.Chejanovsky N, Ophir R, Schwager MS, Slabezki Y, Grossman S, Cox-Foster D. Characterization of viral siRNA populations in honey bee colony collapse disorder. Virology. 2014;454-5:176–83.
Google Scholar 
61.Desai SD, Eu YJ, Whyard S, Currie RW. Reduction in deformed wing virus infection in larval and adult honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) by double-stranded RNA ingestion. Insect Mol Biol. 2012;21:446–55.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
62.Hunter W, Ellis J, Vanengelsdorp D, Hayes J, Westervelt D, Glick E, et al. Large-scale field application of RNAi technology reducing Israeli acute paralysis virus disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera, hymenoptera: Apidae). PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1001160.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
63.Maori E, Paldi N, Shafir S, Kalev H, Tsur E, Glick E, et al. IAPV, a bee-affecting virus associated with colony collapse disorder can be silenced by dsRNA ingestion. Insect Mol Biol. 2009;18:55–60.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar  More