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    Accuracy of tropical peat and non-peat fire forecasts enhanced by simulating hydrology

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    Similar adaptative mechanism but divergent demographic history of four sympatric desert rodents in Eurasian inland

    Species distribution modeling, spatial climate segregation and niche widthTo explore the selective regimes of the four species on external environmental factors, we first constructed species distribution modeling (SDM). We obtained a dataset including 22 environmental factors represented by climate, relief, and vegetation variables from 620 localities for DS, 1028 localities for OS, 581 localities for MM and 332 localities for PR, covering most of the species’ distribution ranges (Supplementary Fig. 1). The distribution areas of the four species overlapped widely. The contributions of environmental factors to SDMs showed similarities among the four species. The summer NDVI made important contributions for DS (41.0), OS (44.8), MM (32.5) and PR (8.1), and sand cover contributed significantly to PR (72.7) and DS (16.0) (Fig. 1c). Then, we assessed which set of environmental variables was most closely associated with species distribution via principal component analysis. The bioclimatic space occupied by the four species revealed a large overlap (Fig. 1d), which was consistent with SDM (Supplementary Fig. 1). The distribution of OS was more closely associated with higher-precipitation areas, whereas MM seemed to prefer areas with higher temperatures. Finally, we evaluated the macrohabitat niche breadth of each species. The breadths of environmental space occupation were similar for DS (0.527), MM (0.571), and PR (0.548) and slightly higher for OS (0.622), which suggests that niche selection among the four species is partially overlapping. In total, the four species are mostly similar in the selection of external environmental factors.High-quality genomic landscapes of the four desert rodentsTo investigate the genetic mechanism for desert adaptation of the four sympatric desert rodents, we generated four high-quality de novo genomes (Supplementary Fig. 2). The DS was sequenced using a combined strategy and generated 377.67 Gb of data from Illumina reads, 261.01 Gb from PacBio long reads, 299.51 Gb from 10X Genomics reads, and 389.13 Gb from Hi-C reads (Supplementary Table 1). The final genome size was 2.81 Gb with contig N50 of 31.41 Mb and ~472X mean coverage (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 3, and Supplementary Tables 2, 3). The contigs for DS were further assembled into pseudochromosomes with lengths on the order of full chromosomes and a scaffold N50 size of 147.24 Mb (Fig. 2a, b, Table 1, and Supplementary Fig. 4). The OS, MM and PR were sequenced using the same hybrid strategy and generated 162.58 Gb, 172.22 Gb, and 214.34 Gb Illumina reads and 183.09 Gb, 161.34 Gb, and 186.45 Gb Oxford Nanopore Technologies long reads, respectively (Supplementary Table 1). The final assembly of OS, MM and PR was 2.83 Gb, 2.43 Gb, and 2.16 Gb with contig N50 of 25.87 Mb, 24.08 Mb, and 42.68 Mb, respectively (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 4, and Supplementary Tables 2, 3).Table 1 Genome assembly statistics of the four desert rodents.Full size tableFig. 2: High-quality assembly of Dipus sagitta genome and genomic elements of the four sequenced desert rodents.a Hi-C heat map of Dipus sagitta genome assembly. b CIRCOS plot showing the distribution of GC content, transposable elements (TE), and coding sequences (CDS) in the D. sagitta genome. c Orthologous coding sequences composition inferred for thirteen rodents’ genomes. Mcar Mus caroli, Mmus Mus musculus, Mpah Mus Pahari, Mmer Meriones meridianus, Mung Meriones unguiculatus, Cgri Cricetulus griseus, Prob Phodopus roborovskii, Sgal Spalax galili, Osib Orientallactaga sibirica, Dsag Dipus sagitta, Jjac Jaculus jaculus, Hgla Heterocephalus glaber, Cpor Cavia porcellus. d Proportion of transposable elements (TEs). The barplots show the proportions of different types of TEs in corresponding species on the phylogenetic tree.Full size imageAnalyses of the four draft genomes showed that 92.9–95.9% of mammalian BUSCOs were complete, and the GC content was 41.38–42.16% (Table 1 and Supplementary Table 3). Whole-genome annotation was performed via three complementary methods: ab initio prediction, homology-based prediction and RNA-seq based prediction. A total of 23,482, 22,859, 22,533, and 22,314 protein-coding genes were annotated for DS, OS, MM, and PR, respectively (Fig. 2c, Supplementary Fig. 5, Supplementary Table 4). Approximately 98.8–99.1% of genes were functionally annotated for the four species (Supplementary Table 4). Transposable elements (TEs) accounted for 31.38–53.02% of genome assemblies, which predominantly consisted of long-terminal repeats (LTRs), long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and other unknown TEs (Fig. 2d). DS and OS displayed significant LTR expansion of 47.39% and 50.88% in four sequenced genomes, while MM showed an unexpectedly high LINE expansion of 28.99% and sharp LTR contraction to 9.38% (Supplementary Table 5).Phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary historyUsing 5,102 single-copy orthologous groups, we constructed a high-confidence phylogenetic tree using the maximum-likelihood algorithm, including time calibrations based on fossil records and previous studies (Figs. 1b, 2c)22. The phylogenetic tree strongly supported nodes uniting the subfamilies Murinae and Gerbillinae, which together represented the family Muridae (Supplementary Fig. 6). This group was sister to a clade containing cricetids. Spalacidae was recovered as the earliest divergent lineage from Muridae and Cricetidae in the superfamily Muroidea. The split of the most recent common ancestor of Dipodoidea and Muroidea dated to ~56.5 Mya (Fig. 1b, Supplementary Fig. 7). In the Miocene epoch (23 Mya–5.3 Mya), accelerated global geotectonic movement aggravated global climate drying and cooling23. Geological disruptions that modified landscapes and offered new habitats favored the early adaptive radiation of extant desert rodents. The ancestors of four sequenced species emerged separately during this period (Supplementary Note 1). Our phylogenetic tree is consistent with previous evolutionary research on rodents22 and supports the independent evolution of desert adaptations in Jerboas, Gerbils and Hamsters.Expanded and contracted gene familiesComparative genomic analysis revealed 23/32, 4/22, 39/73, and 22/83 gene families exhibiting significant expansion/contraction in the genomes of DS, OS, MM, and PR, respectively (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 8). Genes belonging to the expanded/contracted families were functionally enriched (Fisher Exact  More

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    Author Correction: Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance

    Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, DenmarkPatrick Munk, Christian Brinch, Frederik Duus Møller, Thomas N. Petersen, Rene S. Hendriksen, Anne Mette Seyfarth, Jette S. Kjeldgaard, Christina Aaby Svendsen & Frank M. AarestrupCentre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKBram van Bunnik & Mark WoolhouseCentre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenFanny Berglund & D. G. Joakim LarssonDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsMarion KoopmansInstitute of Public Health, Tirana, AlbaniaArtan BegoUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaPablo PowerMelbourne Water Corporation, Melbourne, AustraliaCatherine Rees & Kris CoventryCharles Darwin University, Darwin, AustraliaDionisia LambrinidisUniversity of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DenmarkElizabeth Heather Jakobsen Neilson & Yaovi Mahuton Gildas HounmanouCharles Darwin University, Darwin Northern Territory, AustraliaKaren GibbCanberra Hospital, Canberra, AustraliaPeter CollignonALS Water, Scoresby, AustraliaSusan CassarAustrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, AustriaFranz AllerbergerUniversity of Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshAnowara Begum & Zenat Zebin HossainEnvironmental Protection Department, Bridgetown, St. Michael, BarbadosCarlon WorrellLaboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Brussels, BelgiumOlivier VandenbergAQUAFIN NV, Aartselaar, BelgiumIlse PietersPolytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, BeninDougnon Tamègnon VictorienUniversidad Catσlica Boliviana San Pablo, La Paz, BoliviaAngela Daniela Salazar Gutierrez & Freddy SoriaPublic Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Faculty of Medicine University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and HerzegovinaVesna Rudić GrujićPublic Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and HerzegovinaNataša MazalicaBotswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, BotswanaTeddie O. RahubeUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilCarlos Alberto Tagliati & Larissa Camila Ribeiro de SouzaOswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilDalia RodriguesVale Institute of Technology, Belιm, PA, BrazilGuilherme OliveiraNational Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, BulgariaIvan IvanovUniversity of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoBonkoungou Isidore Juste & Traoré OumarInstitut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, CambodiaThet Sopheak & Yith VuthyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundι, CameroonAntoinette Ngandjio, Ariane Nzouankeu & Ziem A. Abah Jacques OlivierUniversity of Regina, Regina, CanadaChristopher K. YostEau Terre Environnement Research Centre (INRS-ETE), Quebec City G1K 9A9, Canada and Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu, IndiaPratik KumarEau Terre Environnement Research Centre (INRS-ETE), Quebec City G1K 9A9, Canada and Lassonde School of Enginerring, York University, Toronto, CanadaSatinder Kaur BrarUniversity of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, ChadDjim-Adjim TaboEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, ChileAiko D. AdellInstitute of Public Health, Santiago, ChileEsteban Paredes-Osses & Maria Cristina MartinezUniversidad Catolica del Maule, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Talca, ChileSara Cuadros-OrellanaGuangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, ChinaChangwen Ke, Huanying Zheng & Li BaishengThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaLok Ting Lau & Teresa ChungShantou University Medical College, Shantou, ChinaXiaoyang JiaoNanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, ChinaYongjie YuCenter for Disease Control and Prevention of Henan province, Zhengzhou, ChinaZhao JiaYongColombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, CI Tibaitatα, Corporaciσn Colombiana de Investigaciσn Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Tibaitatα – Mosquera, Cundinamarca, ColombiaJohan F. Bernal Morales, Maria Fernanda Valencia & Pilar Donado-GodoyInstitut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireKalpy Julien CoulibalyUniversity of Zagreb, Zagreb, CroatiaJasna HrenovicAndrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, CroatiaMatijana JergovićVeterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech RepublicRenáta KarpíškováCentre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro (CRSN-LWIRO), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of CongoZozo Nyarukweba DeogratiasBIOFOS A/S, Copenhagen K, DenmarkBodil ElsborgTechnical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, DenmarkLisbeth Truelstrup Hansen & Pernille Erland JensenSuez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptMohamed AbouelnagaUniversity of Sadat City, Sadat City, EgyptMohamed Fathy SalemMinistry of Health, Environmental Microbiology, Tallinn, EstoniaMarliin KoolmeisterAddis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaMengistu Legesse & Tadesse EgualeUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAnnamari HeikinheimoFrench Institute Search Pour L’exploitation De La Mer (Ifremer), Nantes, FranceSoizick Le Guyader & Julien SchaefferInstituto Nacional de Investigaciσn en Salud Pϊblica-INSPI (CRNRAM), Galαpagos, Quito, EcuadorJose Eduardo VillacisNational Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu, GambiaBakary SannehNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, GeorgiaLile MalaniaRobert Koch Institute, Berlin, GermanyAndreas Nitsche & Annika BrinkmannTechnische Universitδt Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, GermanySara Schubert, Sina Hesse & Thomas U. BerendonkUniversity for Development Studies, Tamale, GhanaCourage Kosi Setsoafia SabaUniversity of Ghana, Accra, GhanaJibril MohammedKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, PMB, GhanaPatrick Kwame FegloCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute, Accra, GhanaRegina Ama BanuVeterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Thermi, GreeceCharalampos KotzamanidisAthens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP S.A.), Athens, GreeceEfthymios LytrasUniversidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, GuatemalaSergio A. LickesSemmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Budapest, HungaryBela KocsisUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, HungaryNorbert SolymosiUniversity of Iceland, Reykjavνk, IcelandThorunn R. ThorsteinsdottirCochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, IndiaAbdulla Mohamed HathaKasturba Medical College, Manipal, IndiaMamatha BallalApollo Diagnostics, Mangalore, IndiaSohan Rodney BangeraShiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFereshteh FaniShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMasoud AlebouyehNational University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IrelandDearbhaile Morris, Louise O’Connor & Martin CormicanBen Gurion University of the Negev and Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva, IsraelJacob Moran-GiladIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, ItalyAntonio Battisti, Elena Lavinia Diaconu & Patricia AlbaCNR – Water Research Institute, Verbania, ItalyGianluca Corno & Andrea Di CesareNational Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, JapanJunzo Hisatsune, Liansheng Yu, Makoto Kuroda, Motoyuki Sugai & Shizuo KayamaNational Center of Expertise, Taldykorgan, KazakhstanZeinegul ShakenovaMount Kenya University, Thika, KenyaCiira KiiyukiaKenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, KenyaEric Ng’enoUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina” & National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo, Pristina, KosovoLul RakaKuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, KuwaitKazi Jamil, Saja Adel Fakhraldeen & Tareq AlaatiInstitute of Food Safety, Riga, LatviaAivars Bērziņš, Jeļena Avsejenko, Kristina Kokina, Madara Streikisa & Vadims BartkevicsAmerican University of Beirut, Beirut, LebanonGhassan M. MatarCentral Michigan University & Michigan Health Clinics, Saginaw, MI, USAZiad DaoudNational Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, LithuaniaAsta Pereckienė & Ceslova Butrimaite-AmbrozevicieneLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, LuxembourgChristian PennyInstitut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, MadagascarAlexandra Bastaraud & Jean-Marc CollardUniversity of Antananarivo, Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mιrieux, Antananarivo, MadagascarTiavina Rasolofoarison, Luc Hervé Samison & Mala Rakoto AndrianariveloUniversity of Malawi, Blantyre, MalawiDaniel Lawadi BandaMalaysian Genomics Resource Centre Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaArshana AminAIMST University, COMBio, Kedah, MalaysiaHeraa Rajandas & Sivachandran ParimannanWater Services Corporation, Luqa, MaltaDavid SpiteriEnvironmental Health Directorate, St. Venera, MaltaMalcolm Vella HaberUniversity of Mauritius, Reduit, MauritiusSunita J. SantchurnInstitute for Public Health Montenegro, Podgorica, MontenegroAleksandar Vujacic & Dijana DjurovicInstitut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, MoroccoBrahim Bouchrif & Bouchra KarraouanCentro de Investigaηγo em Saϊde de Manhiηa (CISM), Maputo, MozambiqueDelfino Carlos VubilAgriculture and Forestry University, Kathmandu, NepalPushkar PalNational Institute for Public, Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The NetherlandsHeike Schmitt & Mark van PasselUniversity of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandGert-Jan Jeunen & Neil GemmellUniversity of Otago, Christchurch, New ZealandStephen T. ChambersUniversity of Central America, Managua, NicaraguaFania Perez Mendoza & Jorge Huete-PιrezUniversidad Nacional Autσnoma de Nicaragua-Leσn, Leσn, NicaraguaSamuel VilchezUniversity of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaAkeem Olayiwola Ahmed, Ibrahim Raufu Adisa & Ismail Ayoade OdetokunUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaKayode FashaeNorwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, NorwayAnne-Marie Sørgaard & Astrid Louise WesterVEAS, Slemmestad, NorwayPia Ryrfors & Rune HolmstadUniversity of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanMashkoor MohsinAga Khan University, Karachi, PakistanRumina Hasan & Sadia ShakoorLaboratorio Central de Salud Publica, Asuncion, ParaguayNatalie Weiler Gustafson & Claudia Huber SchillInstituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, PeruMaria Luz Zamudio RojasUniversidad de Piura, Piura, PeruJorge Echevarria Velasquez & Felipe Campos YauceWHO Environmental and Occupational Health, Manila, PhilippinesBonifacio B. MagtibayMaynilad Water Services, Inc., Quezon City, PhilippinesKris Catangcatang & Ruby SibuloNational Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, PolandDariusz WasylUniversidade Catσlica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Quνmica Fina – Laboratσrio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, PortugalCelia Manaia & Jaqueline RochaAguas do Tejo Atlantico, Lisboa, PortugalJose Martins & Pedro ÁlvaroGwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of KoreaDoris Di Yoong Wen, Hanseob Shin & Hor-Gil HurKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaSukhwan YoonInstitute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia, Skopje, Republic of North MacedoniaGolubinka Bosevska & Mihail KochubovskiState Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Chișinău, Republic of MoldovaRadu CojocaruNational Agency for Public Health, Chișinău, Republic of MoldovaOlga BurduniucKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi ArabiaPei-Ying HongUniversity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKMeghan Rose PerryInstitut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, SenegalAmy GassamaInstitute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, SerbiaVladimir RadosavljevicNanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeMoon Y. F. Tay, Rogelio Zuniga-Montanez & Stefan WuertzPublic Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, SlovakiaDagmar Gavačová, Katarína Pastuchová & Peter TruskaNational Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Ljubljana, SloveniaMarija TrkovIndependent consultant, Johannesburg, South AfricaKaren KeddyDaspoort Waste Water Treatment Works, Pretoria, South AfricaKerneels EsterhuyseKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South KoreaMin Joon SongSchool of Veterinary Sciences, Lugo, SpainMarcos Quintela-BalujaLabaqua, Santiago de Compostela, SpainMariano Gomez LopezIRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainMarta Cerdà-CuéllarUniversity of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri LankaR. R. D. P. Perera, N. K. B. K. R. G. W. Bandara & H. I. PremasiriMedical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri LankaSujatha PathirageCaribbean Public Health Agency, Catries, Saint LuciaKareem CharlemagneThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenCarolin RutgerssonSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SwedenLeif Norrgren & Stefan ÖrnFederal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Bern, SwitzerlandRenate BossAra Region Bern AG, Herrenschwanden, SwitzerlandTanja Van der HeijdenCenters for Disease Control, Taipei, TaiwanYu-Ping HongKilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, TanzaniaHappiness Houka KumburuSokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, TanzaniaRobinson Hammerthon MdegelaFaculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Thani, ThailandKaknokrat ChonsinFaculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandOrasa SuthienkulFaculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, ThailandVisanu ThamlikitkulNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, NetherlandsAna Maria de Roda HusmanNational Institute of Hygiene, Lomι, TogoBawimodom BidjadaAgence de Mιdecine Prιventive, Dapaong, TogoBerthe-Marie Njanpop-LafourcadeDivision of Integrated Surveillance of Health Emergencies and Response, Lomι, TogoSomtinda Christelle Nikiema-PessinabaPublic Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara, TurkeyBelkis LeventHatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, TurkeyCemil KurekciMakerere University, Kampala, UgandaFrancis Ejobi & John Bosco KaluleAbu Dhabi Public Health Center, Abu Dhai, United Arab EmiratesJens ThomsenDubai municipality, WWTP Al Aweer, Dubai, UAEOuidiane ObaidiRashid Hospital, Dubai, UAELaila Mohamed JassimNorthumbrian Water, Northumbria House, Abbey Road, Pity Me, Durham, UKAndrew MooreUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, UKAnne Leonard, Lihong Zhang & William H. GazeNewcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKDavid W. Graham & Joshua T. BunceBrightwater Treatment Plant, Woodinville, WA, USABrett LeforDepartment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USADrew Capone & Joe BrownUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USAEmanuele Sozzi & Mark D. SobseyUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, USAJohn Scott Meschke, Nicola Koren Beck, Pardi Sukapanpatharam & Phuong TruongBaylor University, Waco, USAMichael DavisColumbia Boulevard WWTP, Portland, USARonald LilienthalEastern Illinois University, Charleston, USASanghoon KangThe Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USAThomas E. WittumLaboratorio Tecnolσgico del Uruguay, Montevideo, UruguayNatalia Rigamonti & Patricia BaklayanInstitute of Public Health in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, VietnamChinh Dang Van, Doan Minh Nguyen Tran & Nguyen Do PhucUniversity of Zambia, Lusaka, ZambiaGeoffrey Kwenda More