Philippa Kaur

Arunrat, N., Sereenonchai, S., Chaowiwat, W. & Wang, C. Climate change impact on major crop yield and water footprint under CMIP6 climate projections in repeated drought and flood areas in Thailand. Sci. Total Environ. 807, 150741 (2022).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chandio, A. A., Shah, M. I., Sethi, N. & Mushtaq, Z. Assessing the effect of climate change and financial development on agricultural production in ASEAN-4: the role of renewable energy, institutional quality, and human capital as moderators. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29, 13211–13225 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Masood, N., Akram, R., Fatima, M., Mubeen, M., Hussain, S., Shakeel, M., Khan, N., Adnan, M., Wahid, A., Shah, A. N. and Ihsan, M. Z. (2022) Insect pest management under climate change. In Building climate resilience in agriculture. Springer, ChamOzdemir, D. The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Asian countries: A heterogeneous panel data approach. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29, 8205–8217 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Aidoo, O. F. et al. Climate-induced range shifts of invasive species (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama). Pest Manag. Sci. 78, 2534–2549 (2022).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hebbar, K. B. et al. Predicting the Potential Suitable Climate for Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Cultivation in India under Climate Change Scenarios Using the MaxEnt Model. Plants. 11, 731 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Martín-Vélez, V. & Abellán, P. Effects of climate change on the distribution of threatened invertebrates in a Mediterranean hotspot. Insect Conserv. Divers. 15, 370–379 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Williams, J. J., Freeman, R., Spooner, F. & Newbold, T. Vertebrate population trends are influenced by interactions between land use, climatic position, habitat loss and climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 28, 797–815 (2022).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Aidoo, O. F. et al. Lethal yellowing disease: insights from predicting potential distribution under different climate change scenarios. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 128, 1313–1325 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Sofaer, H. R. et al. Development and delivery of species distribution models to inform decision-making. Bioscience 69, 544–557 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Mead FW, The Asiatic citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Florida Department of Agriculture Conservation Service, Division of Plant Industry Entomological Circular No. 180.Bové, J. M. Huanglongbing: A destructive, newly-emerging, century-old disease of citrus. Plant Pathol. J. 1, 7–37 (2006).
Google Scholar 
Li, S., Wu, F., Duan, Y., Singerman, A. & Guan, Z. Citrus greening: Management strategies and their economic impact. HortScience 55, 604–612 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Jia, H. et al. Genome editing of the disease susceptibility gene Cs LOB 1 in citrus confers resistance to citrus canker. Plant Biotechnol. J. 15, 817–823 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ehsani, R., Dewdney, M. & Johnson, E. Controlling HLB with thermotherapy: What have we learned so far?. Citrus Ind. News 9, 26–28 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Spreen, T. H., Baldwin, J. P. & Futch, S. H. An economic assessment of the impact of Huanglongbing on citrus tree plantings in Florida. J. Hortic. Sci. 49, 1052–1055 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Djeddour, D., Pratt, C., Constantine, K., Rwomushana, I. and Day, R., (2021) The Asian citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing). Evidence note on invasiveness and potential economic impacts for East Africa. CABI Working Paper, 24, 94Hu, J., Jiang, J. & Wang, N. Control of citrus Huanglongbing via trunk injection of plant defense activators and antibiotics. Phytopathology 108, 186–195 (2018).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fan, G. C. et al. Evaluation of thermotherapy against Huanglongbing (citrus greening) in the greenhouse. J. Integr. Agric. 15, 111–119 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Nguyen, V. A., Bartels, D. & Gilligan, C. Modelling the spread and mitigation of an emerging vector-borne pathogen: citrus greening in the US. Biorxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.04.490566 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Milosavljević, I. et al. Post-release evaluation of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for biological control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Urban California, USA. Agronomy 12, 583 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Maluta, N., Castro, T. & Lopes, J. R. S. Entomopathogenic fungus disrupts the phloem-probing behavior of Diaphorina citri and may be an important biological control tool in citrus. Sci. Rep. 12, 1–10 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Hall, D. G., Richardson, M. L., Ammar, E. D. & Halbert, S. E. Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, vector of citrus huanglongbing disease. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 146, 207–223 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Vázquez-García, M. et al. Insecticide resistance in adult Diaphorina citri Kuwayama1 from lime orchards in central west Mexico. Southwest. Entomol. 38, 579–596 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Naeem, A., Freed, S., Jin, F. L., Akmal, M. & Mehmood, M. Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from citrus groves of Punjab Pakistan. Crop Prot. 86, 62–68 (2016).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hulme, P. E. et al. Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: A framework for integrating pathways into policy. J. Appl. Ecol. 45, 403–414 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Oke, A. O., Oladigbolu, A. A., Kunta, M., Alabi, O. J. & Sétamou, M. First report of the occurrence of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), an invasive species in Nigeria. West Africa. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–8 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Tang, Y.Q. (1990) On the parasite complex of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Asian-Pacific and other areas. In proceedings 4th international conference on citrus rehabilitation, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 4: 240 245Chien, C. C., Chiu, S. C. & Ku, S. C. Biological control of Diaphorina citri in Taiwan. Fruits 44, 401–407 (1989).
Google Scholar 
Hoddle, M. S. Foreign exploration for natural enemies of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in the Punjab of Pakistan for use in a classical biological control program in California USA. Pakistan Entomol. 34, 1–5 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Étienne, J., Quilici, S., Marival, D., Franck, A. & Gonzalez Fernandez, C. Biological control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Guadeloupe by imported Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Fruits 56, 307–315 (2001).
Google Scholar 
Qureshi, J. A., Rogers, M. E., Hall, D. G. & Stansly, P. A. Incidence of invasive Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and its introduced parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Florida citrus. J. Econ. Entomol. 102, 247–256 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Chen, X., Triana, M. & Stansly, P. A. Optimizing production of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the citrus greening disease vector Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Biol. Control. 105, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.10.010 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kistner, E. J., Amrich, R., Castillo, M., Strode, V. & Hoddle, M. S. Phenology of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae), with special reference to biological control by Tamarixia radiata, in the residential landscape of southern California. J. Econ. Entomol. 109, 1047–1057. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tow021 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ramos Aguila, L. C. et al. Temperature-dependent biological control effectiveness of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidea) under laboratory conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 114, 2009–2017 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Ramos Aguila, L. C. et al. Temperature-dependent demography and population projection of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidea) reared on Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 113, 55–63 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Ashraf, H. J. et al. Comparative microbiome analysis of Diaphorina citri and its associated parasitoids Tamarixia radiata and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis reveals Wolbachia as a dominant endosymbiont. Environ. Microbiol. 24, 1638–1652 (2022).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chow, A. & Sétamou, M. Parasitism of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) by Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on residential citrus in Texas: Importance of colony size and instar composition. Biol. Control 165, 104796 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Ajene, I. J. et al. Habitat suitability and distribution potential of Liberibacter species (“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” and “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus”) associated with citrus greening disease. Environ. Microbiol. 26, 575–588 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Shabani, F., Kumar, L. & Ahmadi, M. A comparison of absolute performance of different correlative and mechanistic species distribution models in an independent area. Ecol. Evol. 6, 5973–5986 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Kearney, M. & Porter, W. Mechanistic niche modelling: Combining physiological and spatial data to predict species’ ranges. Ecol 12, 334–350 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Byeon, D. H., Jung, S. & Lee, W. H. Review of CLIMEX and MaxEnt for studying species distribution in South Korea. J. Asia-Pac. Biodivers. 1, 325–333 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Kriticos, D. J., Yonow, T. & McFadyen, R. E. The potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) in relation to climate. Weed Res 45, 246–254 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Wharton, T. N. & Kriticos, D. J. The fundamental and realized niche of the Monterey pine aphid, Essigella californica (Essig) (Hemiptera: Aphididae): implications for managing softwood plantations in Australia. Divers. Distrib. 10, 253–262 (2004).
Google Scholar 
Sutherst, R., Maywald, G. and Kriticos, D., CLIMEX version 3: user’s guide. (2007).Ramirez-Cabral, N. Y., Kumar, L. & Shabani, F. Global alterations in areas of suitability for maize production from climate change and using a mechanistic species distribution model (CLIMEX). Sci. Rep. 7, 1–3 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
McCalla, K. A., Keçeci, M., Milosavljević, I., Ratkowsky, D. A. & Hoddle, M. S. The influence of temperature variation on life history parameters and thermal performance curves of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 112, 1560–1574 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Gonzalez-Cabrera, J., Moreno-Carrillo, G., Sanchez-Gonzalez, J. A. & Bernal, H. C. Natural and augmented parasitism of tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera Eulophidae) in Urban Areas of western Mexico. Entomol. Sci. 53, 486–492. https://doi.org/10.18474/JES17-112.1 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chavez, Y. et al. Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) and Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) as biological control agents of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in Ecuador. Chil. J. Agric. Res. 77, 180–184. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392017000200180 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Flores, D. & Ciomperlik, M. Biological control using the ectoparasitoid, Tamarixia radiata, against the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, in the lower Rio Grande valley of Texas. Southwest. Entomol. 42, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.042.0105 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Parra, J. R., Alves, G. R., Diniz, A. J. & Vieira, J. M. Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) × Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae): Mass rearing and potential use of the parasitoid in Brazil. J. Integr. Pest. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmw003 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Diniz, A. J. F., Otimização da criação de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) e de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), visando a produção em larga escala do parasitoide e avalliação do seu estabelecimento em campo. Tese (Doutorado em Entomologia)—Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. (2013)Hoddle, M. S. & Pandey, R. Host range testing of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) sourced from the Punjab of Pakistan for classical biological control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae: Euphyllurinae: Diaphorinini) in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 107, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC13318 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gómez-Torres, M. L., Nava, D. E. & Parra, J. R. Thermal hygrometric requirements for the rearing and release of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 58, 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262014000300011 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gómez-Torres, M. L., Nava, D. E. & Parra, J. R. Life table of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) at different temperatures. J. Econ. Entomol. 105, 338–343 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Chong, J. H., Roda, A. L. & Mannion, C. M. Density and natural enemies of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in the residential landscape of Southern Florida. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 27, 33–49. https://doi.org/10.3954/11-05.1 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pluke, R. W., Qureshi, J. A. & Stansly, P. A. Citrus flushing patterns, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) populations and parasitism by Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Puerto Rico. Florida Entomol. 91, 36–42 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Ashraf, H. J. et al. Genetic diversity of Tamarixia radiata populations and their associated endosymbiont Wolbachia species from China. Agronomy 11, 2018 (2021).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jung, J. M., Lee, W. H. & Jung, S. Insect distribution in response to climate change based on a model: Review of function and use of CLIMEX. Entomol. Res. 46, 223–235 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Kriticos, D. J. et al. CLIMEX Version 4, 184p (2015).
Google Scholar 
Gomez-Marco, F., Gebiola, M., Baker, B. G., Stouthamer, R. & Simmons, G. S. Impact of the temperature on the phenology of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and on the establishment of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in urban areas in the lower Colorado Desert in Arizona. Environ. Entomol. 48, 514–523 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Vieira, J. M. Biologia em temperaturas alternantes e exigências térmicas de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) e Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) visando ao seu zoneamento em regiões citrícolas do estado (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo).Castillo, J., Jacas, J. A., Peña, J. E., Ulmer, B. J. & Hall, D. G. Effect of temperature on life history of Quadrastichus haitiensis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an endoparasitoid of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biol. Control. 36, 189–196 (2006).
Google Scholar 
McFarland, C. D. & Hoy, M. A. Survival of Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae), and its two parasitoids, Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), under different relative humidities and temperature regimes. Fla. Entomol. 84, 227–233 (2001).
Google Scholar 
Fauvergue, X. & Quilici, S. Etude de certains parametres de la biologie de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1992)(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), ectoparasitoide primaire de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) vecteur du greening des agrumes. Paris Fruits 46, 179–179 (1991).
Google Scholar 
Araújo, F. H. et al. Modelling climate suitability for Striga asiatica, a potential invasive weed of cereal crops. Crop Prot. 1(160), 106050 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Silva, D. A. & RS, Kumar L, Shabani F and Picanço MC,. Potential risk levels of invasive Neoleucinodes elegantalis (small tomato borer) in areas optimal for open-field Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cultivation in the present and under predicted climate change. Pest Manag. Sci 73, 616–627 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Kumar, S., Neven, L. G. & Yee, W. L. Evaluating correlative and mechanistic niche models for assessing the risk of pest establishment. Ecosphere 5, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00050.1 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kriticos, D. J. et al. CliMond: global high-resolution historical and future scenario climate surfaces for bioclimatic modelling. Methods Ecol. Evol. 1, 53–64 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Santana Júnior PA, Worldwide spatial distribution of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and its natural enemies under current and future climatic change conditions through modelling. 136 f 2019 (Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) – Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2019).
Google Scholar 
Kriticos, D. J., Maywald, G. F., Yonow, T., Zurcher, E. J., Herrmann, N. I. and Sutherst, R. W., CLIMEX Version 4: Exploring the effects of climate on plants, animals and diseases. CSIRO, Canberra.156, (2015)Ramos Aguila, L. C. et al. Temperature-dependent demography and population projection of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidea) reared on Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 113, 55–63 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Oliveira, R. C., Modelagem de nicho ecológico para Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren, 1860) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) no mundo: Potencial invasão e riscos diante das mudanças climáticas. (2021). http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/61961Bazzocchi, G. G., Lanzoni, A., Burgio, G. & Fiacconi, M. R. Effects of temperature and host on the pre-imaginal development of the parasitoid Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Biol. Control 26, 74–82 (2003).
Google Scholar 
Hondo, T., Koike, A. & Sugimoto, T. Comparison of thermal tolerance of seven native species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as biological control agents against Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 41, 73–82 (2006).
Google Scholar 
Duale, A. Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the biology of the stem borer parasitoid Pediobius furvus (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the management of stem borers. Environ. Entomol. 34, 1–5 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Ashraf, H. J. et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reveals differentially expressed genes upon heat shock. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D: Genom. Proteom. 41, 100940 (2022).CAS 

Google Scholar 
van Doan, C. et al. Natural enemies of herbivores maintain their biological control potential under short-term exposure to future CO2, temperature, and precipitation patterns. Ecol. Evol. 11, 4182–4192 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Thomson, L. J., Macfadyen, S. & Hoffmann, A. A. Predicting the effects of climate change on natural enemies of agricultural pests. Biol. Control. 52, 296–306 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Rosenblatt, A. E. & Schmitz, O. J. Climate change, nutrition, and bottom-up and top-down food web processes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 965–975 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Aidoo, O. F. et al. A machine learning algorithm-based approach (MaxEnt) for predicting invasive potential of Trioza erytreae on a global scale. Ecol. Inform. 71, 101792 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Aidoo, O. F. et al. The Impact of Climate Change on Potential Invasion Risk of Oryctes monoceros Worldwide. Front. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.895906 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hao, M. et al. Global potential distribution of Oryctes rhinoceros, as predicted by Boosted Regression Tree model. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 1(37), e02175 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Aidoo, O. F. et al. Model-based prediction of the potential geographical distribution of the invasive coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) based on MaxEnt. Agric. For. Entomol. 24, 390–404 (2022).
Google Scholar  More

During the COVID-19 pandemic, behavioral restrictions were imposed, after which various health problems were reported in many countries45,46. The pandemic has also increased food insecurity worldwide; consequently, panic buying has been observed in many countries, including Japan47. However, even in such situations, we found that diversity in local food access, ranging from self-cultivation to direct-to-consumer sales, was significantly associated with health and food security variables. Specifically, our results revealed the following five key discussion points.Urban agriculture in walkable neighborhoods bore fruit for health and food system resilience. However, the magnitude of its contribution differed depending on the type of urban agricultureThe results of this study showed that those who grew food by themselves at allotment farms and home gardens had significantly better subjective well-being and physical activity levels than those who did not. This result is in line with previous studies conducted during times free from the impact of infectious disease pandemics38,39,40. The use of direct sales was not related to subjective well-being but was significantly associated with physical activity. The reason might be that farm stand users tend to live in areas with farmland and travel to purchase fruits and vegetables at farm stands on foot or by bicycle. This result is consistent with that of a previous study demonstrating that the food environment in neighborhoods is an important component in promoting physical activity17.Our results also showed that those who grew food by themselves at allotment farms and those who purchased local foods at farm stands were significantly less anxious about the availability of fresh food both during the state of emergency and in the future than their counterparts. In contrast, home garden users showed significant differences only for the state of emergency. This result might be due to the differences in the size and yield of cultivation at allotment farms and home gardens. One lot in allotment farms in Tokyo can produce as much as or more than the average annual vegetable consumption per household in Japan48. However, home gardens are generally smaller and produce limited fresh foods for consumption, which may have influenced food security concerns.As in other countries, Japan imports much food from overseas and is deeply integrated into the large-scale global food system. However, as shown in this study, urban agriculture in Japanese suburbs forms small-scale, decentralized, and community-based local food systems. This multilayered food system can complement the disruptions and shortages of the global system when various problems occur for climatic, sociopolitical, or other reasons, such as pandemics. In fact, our empirical evidence suggests that urban agriculture in walkable neighborhoods, particularly allotment farms and direct-to-consumer sales at farm stands, contributed to the mitigation of food security concerns in neighborhood communities. This means that urban agriculture could enhance the resilience of the urban food system at a time when the global food system has been disrupted due to a pandemic. This validates recent discussions about the potential of urban agriculture to facilitate food system resilience10. Furthermore, our findings imply that the types of urban agriculture employed matter in determining the degree of contribution to food system resilience.To summarize the overall results, urban agriculture in walkable neighborhoods bore fruit for health and food system resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, different types of urban agriculture exhibited varying associations with health and resilience. Allotment farms were positively related to all of the following: subjective well-being, physical activity, and food security concerns, both during the state of emergency and in the future. Home gardens were positively related to subjective well-being, physical activity, and food security concerns only during the state of emergency. Farm stands were positively related to physical activity and food security concerns both during the state of emergency and in the future.These differences may be due to the characteristics of the respective spaces. It is suggested that this diversity of urban agriculture has led to different types of people benefiting from various kinds of urban agriculture. Allotment farms were found to be associated with high subjective well-being, physical activity, and food security, but they may not be feasible for those who do not have enough physical strength because users are responsible for cultivating their lots, which measure 10–30 square meters40. In contrast, home gardens can be created even by those who are not confident in their physical strength. In fact, our study showed that women and older people engaged in home gardening more than men and younger people. In addition, direct-to-consumer sales at farm stands are the easiest way to obtain local fresh foods for those who do not have the time and space for allotment farms and home gardens. The need for urban agriculture has been argued in many countries2,3. However, little attention has been paid to its scale, accessibility, and diversity. Our study suggests that it is worthwhile to create diverse food production spaces within walkable neighborhoods while considering the diversity of people who access these spaces.Compared to other urban greenery and food retailers, the benefits of urban agriculture on subjective well-being and food security could be greaterCompared to the use of other urban green spaces, including urban parks, our results indicated that self-cultivation at allotment farms and home gardens was more strongly associated with subjective well-being. Previous studies have offered limited perspectives on the differences among various types of urban green spaces33. Our study further suggests that urban parks, allotment farms, and home gardens are differently associated with human health. However, as the reason was not determined, further research is needed.Furthermore, compared to other food retailers, such as supermarkets, convenience stores, and co-op deliveries, allotment farms and farm stands were more strongly associated with less anxiety about fresh food availability in the future. The availability of local fresh foods within walkable neighborhoods might have mitigated food security concerns because residents could grow food by themselves or directly observe farmers’ production processes, which may have made the difference from purchasing at places where the food systems were not visible.Flexibility in work style might promote urban agriculture in walkable neighborhoodsThere was an association between work style—working from home—and access to local food. According to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english), 52% of Tokyo office workers worked from home during the first emergency declaration. Long commute times and high train congestion rates have been a problem in Tokyo suburbs, but remote workers have gained more time at and around their homes by reducing their commute times, increasing their opportunities to access local food in their walkable neighborhoods. Those who worked from home sought outdoor activities for refreshment and exercise and used a variety of urban green spaces during the pandemic49. Allotment farms and home gardens might be used as such urban green spaces. This result is consistent with previous studies assessing the characteristics of Canadian gardeners during the COVID-19 pandemic28,30.Until now, urban planners and policymakers have rarely taken work style into account. However, the flexibility of work styles and work hours may bring new insights; for example, those who work from home may become important players in urban agriculture. It has been pointed out that cities have a large hidden potential for urban agriculture by cultivating underused lands50. Our study suggests that such underused lands could be converted into productive urban landscapes for remote workers to engage in farming or gardening in between jobs as a hobby or as a side business.Food equity might be improved by urban agriculture in walkable neighborhoodsLocal fresh food is generally considered more expensive than junk food in high-income countries, creating social issues of food inequity. Therefore, past discussions on urban agriculture and food security have focused primarily on low-income households in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas24,25,26.In contrast, our study covered people from all income groups and found no statistically significant relationship between access to local food and income. This finding might be due to two urban cultural backgrounds regarding local food in Tokyo, that is, accessibility and affordability. First, residential segregation by income levels is not noteworthy in Tokyo and people from various income brackets live mixed in the same neighborhoods51. Therefore, most urban residents living in the suburbs have geographically equitable opportunities to access local foods. Second, local foods sold at farm stands are affordable. Prices are almost the same or cheaper than buying food at food retailers. While prices increase because of middleman margins related to shipping in the wholesale market, such increases are unnecessary when selling directly to consumers at farm stands. In addition, the allotment farm lots are not expensive to rent, particularly those operated by local municipalities (Supplementary Note 1).These two backgrounds make local fresh food physically and economically accessible to consumers of all income levels, resulting in food equity. This is particularly important because the concept of food system resilience includes the equitability perspective27.The integration of urban agriculture into walkable neighborhoods is a fruitful wayWhile the current discussion on walkable neighborhoods does not emphasize urban agriculture, our evidence indicated its effectiveness. The concept of walkable neighborhoods (e.g., the 15-min city model) stresses the decarbonization benefit of limiting vehicle travel, as well as the health benefits of promoting walking and cycling13,14,15,16. In addition, our research indicated that urban agriculture in walkable neighborhoods benefited health and well-being by increasing recreational outdoor opportunities to neighborhood communities, including remote workers. It also contributed to food system resilience by providing local foods to all people, including low-income households, when the global food system was disrupted due to the pandemic. Furthermore, recent studies on urban agriculture reported the decarbonization benefit of reducing carbon footprints in food production and distribution7,8. Small-scale and community-based urban agriculture in walkable neighborhoods might especially bring this benefit because neighborhood communities travel to farms on foot or by bicycle, which means almost no emission by distribution. While urban green spaces have various health benefits32,33,34,35, urban agriculture also contributes to food system resilience as well as carbon emission reduction, which makes it unique.Urban agriculture was once considered a failure of urban planning in Japan because it symbolized uncontrolled sprawl. This is analogous to the Western view, as urban agriculture was once considered the ultimate oxymoron1. However, our empirical evidence suggests that the urban‒rural mixture at neighborhood scales is a reasonable urban form that contributes to the resilience of the urban food system and to the health and well-being of neighborhood communities. It is no longer a failure of urban planning but a legacy of urban sprawl in the current urban context.Our study showed that integrating urban agriculture into walkable neighborhoods is a fruitful way of creating healthier cities and developing more resilient urban food systems during times of uncertainty. In cities where there is no farmland in intraurban areas, it would be considered effective to utilize underused spaces such as vacant lots and rooftops as productive urban landscapes. In growing cities where urban areas are still expanding, it would be advantageous to conserve agricultural landscapes within their urban fabrics. Our study could provide referential insights and robust evidence for urban policy to integrate urban agriculture into walkable neighborhoods.This study has potential limitations, including the timing of the survey and the measurement method that was utilized. We conducted the survey between June 4 and 8, 2020, just after the end of the first declaration of a state of emergency by the Japanese government. During this period, the main cultivation activities were planting and growing, and the harvest was just beginning. This seasonal constraint may have influenced the results. Because the survey was conducted during the pandemic, we used subjective methods to measure health and well-being status. However, the results might be different using objective methods52, thus further research is necessary. In addition, a longitudinal study is needed to determine whether the trends observed in this study were specific to the emergency period or whether they will persist after the COVID-19 pandemic. More

Analytical method validationThe results of the precision study with relative standard deviation (RSD), and accuracy are shown in Table 1. Through the precision study we found the value of RSD as less than 5%. Moreover, accuracy was done with percent recovery experiments. The results showed that the percentage recoveries for spiked samples were in the range of 95.7–103.7%.Table 1 Shows percent (%) recovery and relative standard deviation.Full size tablePhysicochemical properties and water quality indexThe investigations of the water quality properties of the Narora channel are shown in Table 2. The temperature, TDS, turbidity, and alkalinity were within the standards of the country18 and WHO19 (taken from UNEPGEMS). While pH and dissolved oxygen (D.O) were above the recommended standards indicating poor water quality. Moreover, the detected heavy metals were in the following order Ni  > Fe  > Cd  > Zn  > Cr  > Cu  > Mn. Among these heavy metals Mn, Cu, and Zn were within the recommended limits whereas Cr, Fe, Ni, and Cd were crossing the limits18 contributing to the poor quality. Furthermore, the WQI calculation will give more insights into the overall quality of water as it explains the combined effect of several physicochemical properties12. Its calculation is done simply by converting numerous variables of water quality into a single number12,20. In addition to this, WQI simplifies all the data and helps in clarifying water quality issues by combining the complex data and producing a score that shows the status of water quality2,12,21. The WQI classifies water quality status into five groups such as if WQI  Cu  > Zn  > Fe  > Zn  > Ni  > Cr from root to stalk; and Mn  > Cd  > Zn  > Cu  > Fe  > Ni  > Cr from stalk to leaves.Table 5 Heavy metal concentrations in Eichhornia crassipes (mg/kg.dw).Full size tableFigure 3MPI values in E. crassipes.Full size imageTable 6 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF), transfer factor (TF), and mobility factor (MF) in plant E. crassipes.Full size tableThese factors BAF, TF, and MF are utilized to monitor the level of anthropogenic pollution in plants and their surrounding medium2,15,32,34,35. BAF shows the concentrations of heavy metals bioaccumulated by plants from the water. If the BAF  > 1 it indicates hyperaccumulation36. So, in the present study, all the concerned heavy metals were hyperaccumulated in the plant. The TF elucidates the capability of the plant to translocate the accumulated metals to its other parts. The roots of E. crassipes showed the highest translocation capacity for Ni (1.57) as well as Zn (1.30) to other parts. If the value of TF exceeds 1, then it represents the high accumulation efficiency37,38, therefore, plants will be considered as the hyperaccumulators for the Ni and Zn. Although the Cd was the highest accumulated metal in the plant, it could have been because of its may be because of its low TF. Whereas, TF values lower than 1 for Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Cd pointed out that this plant’s roots act as a non-hyperaccumulator for these heavy metals. Furthermore, the highest MF values were depicted for Mn in both cases which reflects that E. crassipes can suitably be used for phytoextraction of Mn as well as for Cd, Zn, Fe, Ni, and Cu. The BAF, TF, and MF of Cr are low in the present study, which implies that roots are limiting the Cr. Moreover, if the BAF ≤ 1.00 then it shows the capability of absorption only rather than accumulation36,37. In addition, if the values of BAF, TF, and MF exceed 1, plants can also work for phytoextraction. Furthermore, if the BAF  > 1 and TF  More

All the materials followed relevant institutional and national guidelines and legislation.MitesWe used a T. kanzawai population collected from trifoliate orange trees (Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.) in 2018 in Kyoto, Japan, and a T. urticae population collected from chrysanthemum plants (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) in 1998 in Nara, Japan. These populations were reared on adaxial surfaces of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) primary leaves, which were pressed onto water-saturated cotton in Petri dishes (90 mm diameter, 14 mm depth). The water-saturated cotton served as a barrier to prevent mites from escaping. The dishes were maintained at 25 °C, 50% relative humidity, and a 16L:8D photoperiod. All experiments were conducted under these conditions. We only used mated adult females (i.e., the dispersal stage) of T. kanzawai or T. urticae mites.CaterpillarsWe used caterpillars of four lepidopteran species: Bombyx mori L., P. Xuthus, Spodoptera litura Fabricius and T. oldenlandiae. We collected eggs and larvae of T. oldenlandiae from C. japonica in 2021 in Kyoto, Japan, and reared them on C. japonica leaves until pupation. Theretra oldenlandiae shares Vitaceae host plants with T. kanzawai and T. urticae8,15. We collected eggs and larvae of P. xuthus from Ptelea trifoliata in 2021 in Kyoto, Japan, and reared them on Citrus unshiu Markov. leaves until pupation. Papilio. xuthus and T. kanzawai share P. trifoliata as a host plant in Kyoto (Kinto, personal observation).We obtained commercial populations of the B. mori Kinshu × Showa strain (Ueda-sanshu Co., Ltd, Nagano, Japan) or the w1-pnd strain. We reared B. mori larvae on an artificial diet produced at the Kyoto Institute of Technology. Although T. kanzawai use Morus alba, a food plant for the B. mori strain, the mite and the strain never encounter one another in the wild, because the B. mori strain has been domesticated for hundreds of years.We obtained a sub-cultured population of S. litura from the Kyoto Institute of Technology. We reared first to fourth instars of S. litura on an artificial diet (Insecta LFM, Nosan Insect Materials, Kanagawa, Japan), while final instars were fed P. vulgaris leaves. Because S. litura feeds on various wild and cultivated plants22,23, it may share some host plants with T. kanzawai and T. urticae, both of which also feed on many host plant species8,9,10.We reared caterpillars of T. oldenlandiae, P. xuthus, and S. litura in 900 mL transparent plastic cups and caterpillars of B. mori in transparent plastic containers (140 × 220 × 35 mm). All caterpillars were maintained under the same laboratory conditions described above.PlantsWe used several parts of P. vulgaris plants in the following experiments. This species is a preferred food for both mite species16,17 and S. litura24, but the other three caterpillar species do not feed on it (Kinto, personal observation). We thus used P. vulgaris rather than shared host plants, because some caterpillars and mites (T. urticae and P. xuthus, for example) do not share any host plant.Avoidance of caterpillar traces on leaf surfaces by spider mitesTo examine whether spider mites avoid settling on host plant surfaces bearing caterpillar traces, we conducted dual-choice tests using paired adjacent leaf squares with and without caterpillar traces. We did not use whole plants because, in practice, it was difficult to induce caterpillar traces on whole plants. We used two spider mite species (T. kanzawai and T. urticae) and four caterpillar species (T. oldenlandiae, P. xuthus, B. mori, and S. litura). We cut a 10 × 20 mm leaf piece from a fully expanded primary kidney bean leaf and then cut the piece into two equal squares (10 × 10 mm). To introduce caterpillar traces to one square, we arranged them on a separate piece of paper towel on water-saturated cotton. This procedure was necessary because the caterpillars used were larger than individual leaf squares. Then we placed a fourth or final instar caterpillar on the squares and induced the caterpillar to walk across every leaf square three times (Fig. 1a). We carefully removed all caterpillar-produced silk threads from the squares. Within 30 min, we arranged the square (trace +) to touch against the other square (trace −) on water-saturated cotton in a Petri dish. Subsequently, a 2- to 4-day-old mated adult female of T. kanzawai or T. urticae was introduced onto a pointed piece of Parafilm in contact with both leaf edges using a fine brush (Fig. 1a). We recorded the leaf square onto which the mite had settled at 2 h after its introduction, as preliminary observations confirmed that all females would settle on a particular leaf within that period. Each female mite and pair of leaf squares were used only once. All tests described below were conducted between 13:00 and 17:00 h, when adult female spider mites actively disperse by walking. There were 14 replicates using traces of T. oldenlandiae, 48 of P. xuthus, 20 of B. mori, and 26 of S. litura for T. kanzawai, as well as 18, 32, 16, and 47, respectively, for T. urticae. Data were subjected to two-tailed binomial tests with the common null hypothesis that a spider mite would settle on the two squares with equal probability (i.e., 0.5).Figure 1(a) Procedure used to observe avoidance of caterpillar traces by spider mites. (b) Experimental setup used to observe avoidance of B. mori traces on plant stems by T. kanzawai. (c) Experimental setup used to observe avoidance of B. mori trace extracts by T. kanzawai.Full size imageDuration of B. mori trace avoidance by T. kanzawai
To examine whether the effects of caterpillar traces on spider mite avoidance decline over time, we used T. kanzawai mites and B. mori caterpillars. We used B. mori because populations can be easily maintained over many generations. We prepared bean leaf squares with B. mori traces in the same manner descried above and preserved the traced square on water-saturated cotton for 0 h (n = 30), 24 h (n = 29), 48 h (n = 28), or 72 h (n = 28). Then we arranged the square (trace +) to lie in close proximity to the control square (trace −) that had been preserved for the same periods of time. Then we compared the avoidance response of T. kanzawai females in the same manner described above.Avoidance of B. mori traces on plant stems by T. kanzawai
To examine whether T. kanzawai females avoid walking along plant stems bearing caterpillar traces, we used Y-shaped kidney bean stems (Fig. 1b). We cut symmetric bean plants ca. 15 days after sowing from their base and inserted them perpendicularly into a 5 mL glass bottle filled with water and wet cotton. To induce caterpillar traces on one branch of the stem, we allowed a silkworm to crawl from the branching point to the far end of one branch three times for each stem (n = 20). Then we introduced a T. kanzawai adult female at a release point 35 mm below the branch point (Fig. 1b). We recorded the branch along which the female walked to the far end. Each female mite and each Y-shaped stem were used only once. The numbers of females were compared using binomial tests in the same manner described above.Avoidance of B. mori trace extracts by T. kanzawai
To extract chemical traces of caterpillar, we introduced 10 third instar B. mori to a glass Petri dish (120 mm diameter, 60 mm depth). After 1 h, we removed all caterpillars and washed the inside bottom of the dish with 1.0 mL acetone. We replicated the procedure twice using different individuals to combine all extracts and to acquire enough extract for the following experiment.To examine avoidance of B. mori trace extracts by T. kanzawai females, we conducted dual-choice experiments using T-shaped pathways of filter paper (35 × 35 mm; width, 2 mm; Fig. 1c). Using disposable micropipettes (Drummond Scientific Co., PA, USA), 1.75 caterpillar equivalents (i.e., 60 µL) of acetone extract were applied to an alternately selected branch (17.5 mm long) of each pathway (i.e., 0.10 caterpillar equivalent/mm), with control acetone applied to the other branch. We applied each solution dropwise at the junction point to minimize mixing. After evaporating the solvent from those pathways, we perpendicularly suspended them (Fig. 1c) and introduced an adult female mite at 2 days post-maturation onto the bottom of each pathway using a fine brush and recorded the branch along which the female first walked to the far end. Each female mite and each T-shaped filter paper were used only once, with 19 replicates. Each female mite made a choice within 10 min. The avoidance response of T. kanzawai was analysed in the same manner described above.Indirect effects of B. mori traces on T. kanzawai via plantsTo determine whether B. mori traces on plants indirectly affect the performance of T. kanzawai on plants, we introduced 70–80 randomly selected quiescent female deutonymphs of T. kanzawai onto kidney bean leaf disks. Immediately after synchronized adult emergence, we introduced the same number of adult males to allow mating; the detailed procedure is described elsewhere25. After 24 h, we transferred the females singly onto 10 × 10 mm bean leaf squares with or without B. mori traces prepared as described above. Because the number of eggs laid within a certain period is considered the most sensitive performance index of spider mite females26,27, any plant-mediated indirect interaction, such as defence induction in response to caterpillar traces, should result in lower egg numbers laid by the test females. We counted the eggs laid on the leaf squares 24 h after their introduction. One female that laid no eggs during the 24 h period (n = 1, trace +) was excluded from the analysis. We obtained 33 and 36 replicates for the trail+ and trail– conditions, respectively. We compared the numbers of eggs laid on leaves with and without B. mori traces using a generalized linear model with a Poisson error distribution using the SAS 9.22 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).EthicsThis article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals. More

Anna Lena Bercht interviewed fishers in Lofoten, Norway, to assess how climate change was affecting their livelihoods.Credit: Anna Lena Bercht

I remember February 2011, when, in the Chinese megacity of Guangzhou, an older man finally overcame his scepticism about being interviewed and invited me to sit down next to him on a stone bench under a shady tree. I held my notebook on my lap, and we sat on either side of a translator and talked about his life and world for more than two hours. It was one of the most informative and revealing interviews that I had done during my fieldwork in the city.
Making it in the megacity
One of the most fundamental challenges in qualitative fieldwork is gaining access to research participants. This is often time-consuming and labour-intensive, particularly when the topic requires in-depth methods and addresses a sensitive subject.Advice that goes beyond the usual recommendations of establishing relationships with gatekeepers, ensuring anonymity for interviewees and relying on the snowball sampling technique (in which one research participant suggests further ones) is rare. In this light, I’m happy to share some simple, but often neglected, examples from my qualitative fieldwork in the lively Guangzhou (where I worked for 12 months)1 and on the remote, Arctic island chain of Lofoten, Norway (done over 4 months)2, that might offer some inspiration and encouragement.I have a background in human geography, and did my PhD on experiences of stress, coping and resilience among the Chinese population of Guangzhou in the face of the city’s rapid urbanization. I travelled there five times to help to establish research cooperation with Chinese scholars, make field observations, select a case-study site and interview locals. I, together with other PhD students, stayed in a typical Chinese high-rise apartment in a neighbourhood that wasn’t a common choice for expatriates. Living side-by-side with the locals gave us a perfect opportunity to experience genuine everyday life and Chinese culture.My first postdoctoral project after my PhD brought me to Lofoten, where I looked at psychological barriers to climate adaptation in small-scale coastal fisheries. I went to Lofoten twice. On my first visit, I travelled across the whole archipelago by bus for one month to get a profound overview of the fishing villages and local living conditions, and to conduct first interviews. During my second visit, I stayed for a total of three months in rental locations near fishing harbours, and conducted more extensive interviews.In both China and Norway, I used in-depth interviews to learn about the challenges that people face. I asked people about unemployment, about the possibility of being forced to move elsewhere and about how climate change might affect their livelihoods. This required a sensitive and thoughtful approach to ‘getting invited’ into people’s lives. In Guangzhou, German- and English-speaking Chinese students assisted me as translators (and interpreters, when needed). On Lofoten, I conducted the interviews myself in English.There are two ways to access research participants: physical access, which refers to the ability of the researcher to get in direct face-to-face contact with people, and mental access. Successful mental access means that interlocutors open up about why they think, feel and behave as they do. Physical access is a necessary condition for mental access; however, in my experience, both are equally valuable.

Chinese interviewees in Guangzou shared their feelings about the rapid urbanization of their city.Credit: Anna Lena Bercht

Compared with Lofoten, it took longer to get physical access to local inhabitants in China. Presumably, this was because of the language barrier and reliance on translators, as well as cultural differences. Trust is considered a central tenet in Chinese relationships, and time and effort are needed to let it grow. During my time in Guangzhou, I occasionally benefited from being a foreigner: people were touched that someone from abroad showed genuine interest in their well-being. In Lofoten, fishers appreciated talking to a social scientist instead of a natural scientist who would have mainly asked questions about fishing quotas and catch volume.My advice for other social scientists hoping to gain access to research participants falls into those two categories.How to get good physical accessUse local public transport. Using local public transport creates many unexpected opportunities to bump into people, get into conversations and gain relevant information. For example, while waiting at a bus stop in Lofoten, I came across an art-gallery owner from a fishing village. He wondered why I was travelling out of the peak tourism season. I ended up with an invitation to his gallery, where he introduced me to two retired fishers whom he had also invited. Without the gallerist and his proactive networking, I probably would not have been given the chance to interview these two very informative and engaging fishers.In a metro station in Guangzhou, a toddler kept staring at me and tried to touch my light hair. This small interaction led me to chat to the toddler’s father, who recommended that I talk to a local teacher to learn more about the area’s history. His advice opened up important insights into urban-restructuring processes that I would have missed otherwise.
Nine ‘brain food’ tips for researchers
Use local media. In Norway, a journalist was at the harbour to get first-hand information on the year’s cod catch, when he saw me interviewing fishers. He became curious and eager to learn more about my work. In the end, he wrote an article about my research, which was published a few days later across Lofoten. His article was a door-opener for me.People recognized me from my photo in the article and contacted me to tell me about their lives and the cod fisheries. They also invited me on their vessels and put me in touch with other key informants.Change your workplace. During fieldwork, a workplace is often needed for interview transcription, literature research and interim data analysis. Moving the workplace outside wherever you are staying during a field trip allows you to immerse yourself in the daily lives of local people and interact with them more easily. For me, such agile ‘mini-office’ locations were cafes, public libraries and picnic tables. In this way, I was able to recruit interview partners on the spot.How to create deeper mental accessWear appropriate outfits. First impressions count, always. Researchers are judged not only on what they say and how they say it, but also on how they look. Certain clothes, such as those with a political slogan or religious symbol, have certain meanings and connotations. Depending on the context and whom you talk to, your appearance could promote or impede making connections and building rapport. For instance, whereas my practical ‘outdoorsy’ get-dirty outfit was appropriate for interviews on fishing vessels, a modest appearance (non-branded clothes and a simple style) was useful in rural areas of Guangzhou.Show respect. Just like in any other relationship, respect and humility play a crucial part in building a trustworthy interviewer–interviewee relationship. Showing respect can be subtly embedded in conversations in many ways, including in the content of questions and the manner in which they are asked. When interviewees started to close down when asked about painful issues, such as underemployment or loss of identity, I upheld their privacy, comfort and security by not probing when given an evasive answer. Instead, I changed the interview focus and, when appropriate, cautiously reapproached the sensitive issue by using interview techniques such as roleplaying. Interviewees were asked to put themselves in the position of someone else, such as a spatial planner or politician, and assess the issue at hand from this perspective. Taking such an imaginary role can help to make the interviewees feel more secure and face pain more openly.Be humble. Having a modest view of yourself is essential to communicate at eye level with people. As a scientist, you can easily fall into the trap of thinking that your thoughts and concepts are somehow more valuable because you are well-educated and established. However, you are the one asking questions — and the interviewees, whether they are fishers, farmers or homeless people, often know more about many things than you do. Being aware of this is an expression of humility. I let the interviewees know that they were the local experts and I was the foreign learner.Use small talk. Small talk — including non-verbal communication, such as smiling, or connective gestures, for example handing out a handkerchief or offering some tea — has an essential bonding function. Talking about ‘safe’ topics can help the interviewee to overcome the feelings of otherness, newness and discomfort that can emerge in an interview, and fosters social cohesiveness. This can help to counteract the asymmetrical power relationship between the researcher (who asks) and the researched (who answers). For example, before substantive questioning, I created shared experiences by talking about last night’s storm or the world cod-fishing championship, which takes place every year in Lofoten. This took the relationship to a greater level of intimacy and togetherness — which small talk after finishing the interview can strengthen. I remember joking about my stamina for eating properly with chopsticks to one interviewee.Use self-disclosure. Revealing selected information about yourself and sharing your own thoughts with interlocutors can help to create and reaffirm a sphere of confidentiality and trust. Fishers in Norway would, for instance, often ask “What interested you in Lofoten coastal fisheries?” or “Why do you ask me and not the scientists from Tromsø University?” I answered such questions honestly, which assisted in creating a more balanced relationship, encouraging the interviewees to address sensitive subjects more openly and readily.Change interview sites. In several interviews, I found that the answers given tended to depend on where the interview was held and which identity that site evoked for the interviewee. For example, a fisher did not talk about climate-change concerns on his fishing vessel (any concern was masked by his existential fear of losing his livelihood as a coastal fisher), but he later that day freely discussed his worries in his home. Changing the interview site can be a helpful technique to access hidden thoughts and feelings.Above all, be realistic. You will probably make mistakes; I regretted not dressing warmly enough on a fishing vessel in Arctic weather. Locals will find you amusing, weird or impolite. They will keep out of your way, and you will never know why. And they will terminate interviews prematurely with no excuse. And that’s all right. In the end, fieldwork is a combination of planning, resources, time, skills, hard work, commitment, headache, joy — and luck. Learn from your mistakes, and accept the things you cannot change. More

Saxon E, Bertozzi C. Cell surface engineering by a modified Staudinger reaction. Science. 2000;287:2007–10.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Staudinger H, Meyer J. Über neue organische Phosphorverbindungen III. Phosphinmethylenderivate und Phosphinimine. Helv Chim Acta. 1919;2:635–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19190020164.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Laughlin ST, Bertozzi CR. Metabolic labeling of glycans with azido sugars and subsequent glycan-profiling and visualization via Staudinger ligation. Nat Protoc. 2007;2:2930–44.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Oliveira BL, Guo Z, Bernardes GJL. Inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions in chemical biology. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46:4895–950.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lang K, Chin JW. Bioorthogonal reactions for labeling proteins. ACS Chem Biol. 2014;9:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1021/cb4009292.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kolb HC, Finn MG, Sharpless K. Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions. Angew Chemie-Int Ed. 2001;40:2004–21.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tornøe C, Christensen C, Meldal M. Peptidotriazoles on Solid Phase: [1,2,3]-Triazoles by regiospecific Copper(I)-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Terminal Alkynes to Azides. J Org Chem. 2002;67:3057–64. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo011148j.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bakkum T, Leeuwen T, van, Sarris AJC, Elsland DM, van, Poulcharidis D, Overkleeft HS, et al. Quantification of bioorthogonal stability in immune phagocytes using flow cytometry reveals rapid degradation of strained alkynes. ACS Chem Biol. 2018;13:1173–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.8b0035.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang Q, Chan T, Hilgraf R, Fokin R, Sharpless K, Finn M. Bioconjugation by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:3192–3.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Link A, Tirrell D. Cell surface labeling of Escherichia coli via copper(I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:11164–5.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dieterich D, Link A, Tirrell D, Schuman E. Selective identification of newly synthesized proteins in mammalian cells using bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:9482–7.CAS 

Google Scholar 
McKay C, Finn M. Click chemistry in complex mixtures: bioorthogonal bioconjugation. Chem Biol. 2014;21:1075–101.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Agard N, Prescher J, Bertozzi C. A strain-promoted [3 + 2] Azide−Alkyne cycloaddition for covalent modification of biomolecules in living systems. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:15046–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja044996f.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Weissleder R, Hilderbrand S. Tetrazine-based cycloadditions: application to pretargeted live cell imaging. Bioconjug Chem. 2008;19:2297–9.
Google Scholar 
Scinto SL, Bilodeau DA, Hincapie R, Lee W, Nguyen SS, Xu M, et al. Bioorthogonal chemistry. Nat Rev Methods. 2021;1:1–23.
Google Scholar 
Sletten E, Bertozzi C. Bioorthogonal chemistry: fishing for selectivity in a sea of functionality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48:6974–98.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Moses JE, Moorhouse AD. The growing applications of click chemistry. Chem Soc Rev. 2007;36:1249–62.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical reporters for bacterial glycans: development and applications. Chem Rev. 2021;122:3336–413. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hatzenpichler R, Krukenberg V, Spietz RL, Jay ZJ. Next-generation physiology approaches to study microbiome function at single cell level. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020;184:241–56.
Google Scholar 
Siegrist M, Whiteside S, Jewett J, Aditham A, Cava F, Bertozzi C. (D)-Amino acid chemical reporters reveal peptidoglycan dynamics of an intracellular pathogen. ACS Chem Biol. 2013;8:500–5.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Liechti G, Kuru E, Hall E, Kalinda A, Brun YV, VanNieuwenhze M, et al. A new metabolic cell wall labeling method reveals peptidoglycan in Chlamydia trachomatis. Nature. 2014;506:507. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12892.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pilhofer M, Aistleitner K, Biboy J, Gray J, Kuru E, Hall E, et al. Discovery of chlamydial peptidoglycan reveals bacteria with murein sacculi but without FtsZ. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1–7.
Google Scholar 
Taylor JA, Bratton BP, Sichel SR, Blair KM, Jacobs HM, Demeester KE, et al. Distinct cytoskeletal proteins define zones of enhanced cell wall synthesis in helicobacter pylori. Elife. 2020;9:e52482.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kuru E, Hughes HV, Brown PJ, Hall E, Tekkam S, Cava F, et al. In situ probing of newly synthesized peptidoglycan in live bacteria with fluorescent D-amino acids. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2012;51:12519–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206749.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
van Teeseling MCF, Mesman RJ, Kuru E, Espaillat A, Cava F, Brun YV, et al. Anammox Planctomycetes have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6878. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7878.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang W, Yang Q, Du Y, Zhou X, Du X, Wu Q. et al. Metabolic labeling of Peptidoglycan with NIR-II dye enables in vivo imaging of gut microbiota. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2020;59:2628–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910555.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang W, Zhu Y, Chen X. imaging of gram-negative and gram-positive microbiotas in the mouse gut. Biochemistry. 2017;56:3889–93.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Geva-Zatorsky N, Alvarez D, Hudak JE, Reading NC, Erturk-Hasdemir D, Dasgupta S, et al. In vivo imaging and tracking of host-microbiota interactions via metabolic labeling of gut anaerobic bacteria. Nat Med. 2015;21:1091–100.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Besanceney-Webler C, Jiang H, Wang W, Baughn AD, Wu P. Metabolic labeling of fucosylated glycoproteins in Bacteroidales species. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011;21:4989–92.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Han Z, Thuy-Boun PS, Pfeiffer W, Vartabedian VF, Torkamani A, Teijaro JR, et al. Identification of an N-acetylneuraminic acid-presenting bacteria isolated from a human microbiome. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1–12.
Google Scholar 
Becam J, Walter T, Burgert A, Schlegel J, Sauer M, Seibel J, et al. Antibacterial activity of ceramide and ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseria. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1–12.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nilsson I, Lee SY, Sawyer WS, Baxter Rath CM, Lapointe G, Six DA. Metabolic phospholipid labeling of intact bacteria enables a fluorescence assay that detects compromised outer membranes. J Lipid Res. 2020;61:870–83.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Evershed RP, Crossman ZM, Bull ID, Mottram H, Dungait JAJ, Maxfield PJ, et al. 13C-Labelling of lipids to investigate microbial communities in the environment. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2006;17:72–82.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Salic A, Mitchison TJ. A chemical method for fast and sensitive detection of DNA synthesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:2415–20. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0712168105.Article 

Google Scholar 
Smriga S, Samo TJ, Malfatti F, Villareal J, Azam F. Individual cell DNA synthesis within natural marine bacterial assemblages as detected by ‘click’ chemistry. Aquat Microb Ecol. 2014;72:269–80.
Google Scholar 
Beauchemina ET, Hunter C, Maurice CF. Actively replicating gut bacteria identified by 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) click chemistry and cell sorting. bioRxiv. 2022. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500840v2.Sinclair L, Barthelemy C, Cantrell D. Single cell glucose uptake assays: a cautionary tale. Immunometabolism. 2020;2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32879737/.Hu F, Chen DZ, Zhang DL, Shen Y, Wei L, Min PW. Vibrational imaging of glucose uptake activity in live cells and tissues by stimulated Raman scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2015;54:9821.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kiick K, Saxon E, Tirrell D, Bertozzi C. Incorporation of azides into recombinant proteins for chemoselective modification by the Staudinger ligation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:19–24.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kiick K, Tirrell D. Protein engineering by in vivo incorporation of non-natural amino acids: control of incorporation of methionine analogues by Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase. Tetrahedron. 2000;56:9487–93.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ignacio B, Bakkum T, Bonger K, Martin N, van Kasteren S. Metabolic labeling probes for interrogation of the host-pathogen interaction. Org Biomol Chem. 2021;19:2856–70.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bagert JD, Kessel JC, van, Sweredoski MJ, Feng L, Hess S, Bassler BL, et al. Time-resolved proteomic analysis of quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi. Chem Sci. 2016;7:1797–806.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Babin BM, Atangcho L, Van Eldijk MB, Sweredoski MJ, Moradian A, Hess S, et al. Selective proteomic analysis of antibiotic-tolerant cellular subpopulations in pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01593-17.Hatzenpichler R, Scheller S, Tavormina PL, Babin BM, Tirrell DA, Orphan VJ. In situ visualization of newly synthesized proteins in environmental microbes using amino acid tagging and click chemistry. Environ Microbiol. 2014;16:2568–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12436.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Samo TJ, Smriga S, Malfatti F, Sherwood BP, Azam F. Broad distribution and high proportion of protein synthesis active marine bacteria revealed by click chemistry at the single cell level. Front Mar Sci. 2014;0:48.
Google Scholar 
Hatzenpichler R, Connon SA, Goudeau D, Malmstrom RR, Woyke T, Orphan VJ. Visualizing in situ translational activity for identifying and sorting slow-growing archaeal-bacterial consortia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:E4069–78. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603757113.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Couradeau E, Sasse J, Goudeau D, Nath N, Hazen TC, Bowen BP, et al. Probing the active fraction of soil microbiomes using BONCAT-FACS. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1–10.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Leizeaga A, Estrany M, Forn I, Sebastián M. Using click-chemistry for visualizing in situ changes of translational activity in planktonic marine bacteria. Front Microbiol. 2017;0:2360.
Google Scholar 
Lindivat M, Larsen A, Hess-Erga OK, Bratbak G, Hoell IA. Bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging combined with flow cytometry for determination of activity in aquatic microorganisms. Front Microbiol. 2020;0:1929.
Google Scholar 
Chen L, Zhao B, Li X, Cheng Z, Wu R, Xia Y. Isolating and characterizing translationally active fraction of anammox microbiota using bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging. Chem Eng J. 2021;418:129411.CAS 

Google Scholar 
McKay LJ, Smith HJ, Barnhart EP, Schweitzer HD, Malmstrom RR, Goudeau D, et al. Activity-based, genome-resolved metagenomics uncovers key populations and pathways involved in subsurface conversions of coal to methane. ISME J. 2021;16:915–26.
Google Scholar 
Du Z, Behrens SF. Tracking de novo protein synthesis in the activated sludge microbiome using BONCAT-FACS. Water Res. 2021;205:117696.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Valentini TD, Lucas SK, Binder KA, Cameron LC, Motl JA, Dunitz JM, et al. Bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging reveals translationally active subpopulations of the cystic fibrosis lung microbiota. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–11.
Google Scholar 
Taguer M, Shapiro BJ, Maurice CF. Translational activity is uncoupled from nucleic acid content in bacterial cells of the human gut microbiota. Gut Microbes. 2021;13:1–15.
Google Scholar 
Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical reporters for bacterial glycans: development and applications. Chem Rev. 2021;122:3336–413. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kavunja HW, Piligian BF, Fiolek TJ, Foley HN, Nathan TO, Swarts BM. A chemical reporter strategy for detecting and identifying O-mycoloylated proteins in Corynebacterium. Chem Commun. 2016;52:13795–8.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Demeester KE, Liang H, Jensen MR, Jones ZS, D’Ambrosio EA, Scinto SL, et al. Synthesis of functionalized N-Acetyl Muramic acids to probe bacterial cell wall recycling and biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc. 2018;140:9458–65. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b03304.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Moulton KD, Adewale AP, Carol HA, Mikami SA, Dube DH. Metabolic glycan labeling-based screen to identify bacterial glycosylation genes. ACS Infect Dis. 2020;6:3247–59. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00612.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Keller LJ, Babin BM, Lakemeyer M, Bogyo M. Activity-based protein profiling in bacteria: Applications for identification of therapeutic targets and characterization of microbial communities. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2020;54:45–53.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Speers AE, Adam GC, Cravatt BF. Activity-based protein profiling in vivo using a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:4686–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja034490.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Krysiak J, Sieber SA. Activity-based protein profiling in bacteria. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1491:57–74.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jariwala PB, Pellock SJ, Cloer EW, Artola M, Simpson JB, Bhatt AP, et al. Discovering the microbial enzymes driving drug toxicity with activity-based protein profiling. ACS Chem Biol. 2020;15:217–25. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.9b00788.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kovalyova Y, Hatzios SK. Activity-based protein profiling at the host-pathogen interface. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2019;420:73–91.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sakoula D, Smith GJ, Frank J, Mesman RJ, Kop LFM, Blom P, et al. Universal activity-based labeling method for ammonia- and alkane-oxidizing bacteria. ISME J. 2021;16:958–71.
Google Scholar 
Fan Y, Pedersen O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020;19:55–71.
Google Scholar 
Fitzpatrick CR, Salas-González I, Conway JM, Finkel OM, Gilbert S, Russ D, et al. The plant microbiome: from ecology to reductionism and beyond. 101146/annurev-micro-022620-014327. 2020;74:81–100. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327.Kawecki TJ, Lenski RE, Ebert D, Hollis B, Olivieri I, Whitlock MC. Experimental evolution. Trends Ecol Evol. 2012;27:547–60.
Google Scholar 
Lenski RE. Experimental evolution and the dynamics of adaptation and genome evolution in microbial populations. ISME J. 2017;11:2181–94.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rodríguez-Verdugo A. Evolving Interactions and Emergent Functions in Microbial Consortia. mSystems. 2021;6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34427521/.Pascual-García A, Bonhoeffer S, Bell T. Metabolically cohesive microbial consortia and ecosystem functioning. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2020;375. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2019.0245.Ackermann M. A functional perspective on phenotypic heterogeneity in microorganisms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13:497–508.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Balaban NQ, Helaine S, Lewis K, Ackermann M, Aldridge B, Andersson DI, et al. Definitions and guidelines for research on antibiotic persistence. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17:441–8.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Vermeersch L, Perez-Samper G, Cerulus B, Jariani A, Gallone B, Voordeckers K, et al. On the duration of the microbial lag phase. Curr Genet. 2019;65:721–7.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Solopova A, van Gestel J, Weissing FJ, Bachmann H, Teusink B, Kok J, et al. Bet-hedging during bacterial diauxic shift. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:7427–32.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zhang Z, Du C, de Barsy F, Liem M, Liakopoulos A, van Wezel GP, et al. Antibiotic production in Streptomyces is organized by a division of labor through terminal genomic differentiation. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaay5781.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mavridou DAI, Gonzalez D, Kim W, West SA, Foster KR. Bacteria use collective behavior to generate diverse combat strategies. Curr Biol. 2018;28:345–355.e4.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Levin AM, de Vries RP, Conesa A, de Bekker C, Talon M, Menke HH, et al. Spatial differentiation in the vegetative mycelium of Aspergillus niger. Eukaryot Cell. 2007;6:2311–22.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zacchetti B, Wösten HAB, Claessen D. Multiscale heterogeneity in filamentous microbes. Biotechnol Adv. 2018;36:2138–49.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bleichrodt R-J, Vinck A, Read ND, Wösten HAB. Selective transport between heterogeneous hyphal compartments via the plasma membrane lining septal walls of Aspergillus niger. Fungal Genet Biol. 2015;82:193–200.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nürnberg DJ, Mariscal V, Bornikoel J, Nieves-Morión M, Krauß N, Herrero A, et al. Intercellular diffusion of a fluorescent sucrose analog via the septal junctions in a Filamentous Cyanobacterium. MBio. 2015;6. https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mBio.02109-14.Pasulka AL, Thamatrakoln K, Kopf SH, Guan Y, Poulos B, Moradian A, et al. Interrogating marine virus-host interactions and elemental transfer with BONCAT and nanoSIMS-based methods. Environ Microbiol. 2018;20:671–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13996.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Berjón-Otero M, Duponchel S, Hackl T, Fischer M. Visualization of giant virus particles using BONCAT labeling and STED microscopy. bioRxiv. 2020;2020.07.14.202192. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202192v1.Steward KF, Eilers B, Tripet B, Fuchs A, Dorle M, Rawle R, et al. Metabolic implications of using BioOrthogonal Non-Canonical Amino Acid Tagging (BONCAT) for tracking protein synthesis. Front Microbiol. 2020;0:197.
Google Scholar 
van Elsland DM, Pujals S, Bakkum T, Bos E, Oikonomeas-Koppasis N, Berlin I, et al. Ultrastructural Imaging of Salmonella–Host interactions using super-resolution correlative light-electron microscopy of bioorthogonal pathogens. ChemBioChem. 2018;19:1766–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800230.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Michels DE, Lomenick B, Chou T-F, Sweredoski MJ, Pasulka A. Amino acid analog induces stress response in marine Synechococcus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00200-21.Article 

Google Scholar 
Hong V, Steinmetz NF, Manchester M, Finn MG. Labeling live cells by copper-catalyzed alkyne−azide click chemistry. Bioconjug Chem. 2010;21:1912–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc100272z.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
van Geel R, Pruijn G, van Delft F, Boelens W. Preventing thiol-yne addition improves the specificity of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem. 2012;23:392–8.
Google Scholar 
Patterson DM, Nazarova LA, Prescher JA. Finding the Right (Bioorthogonal) Chemistry. ACS Chem Biol. 2014;9:592–605. https://doi.org/10.1021/cb400828a.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ignacio BJ, Dijkstra J, Garcia NM, Slot EFJ, van Weijsten MJ, Storkebaum E, et al. THRONCAT: Efficient metabolic labeling of newly synthesized proteins using a bioorthogonal threonine analog. bioRxiv. 2022. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486210v1.Wright MH. Chemical proteomics of host–microbe interactions. Proteomics. 2018;18:1700333. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201700333.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Yu H, Schomaker J. Recent developments and strategies for mutually orthogonal bioorthogonal reactions. Chembiochem. 2021;22:3254–62.
Google Scholar 
Willems LI, Li N, Florea BI, Ruben M, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS. Triple bioorthogonal ligation strategy for simultaneous labeling of multiple enzymatic activities. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2012;51:4431–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201200923.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Simon C, Lion C, Spriet C, Baldacci-Cresp F, Hawkins S, Biot C. One, two, three: a bioorthogonal triple labelling strategy for studying the dynamics of plant cell wall formation in vivo. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2018;57:16665–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201808493.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chio TI, Gu H, Mukherjee K, Tumey LN, Bane SL. Site-specific bioconjugation and multi-bioorthogonal labeling via rapid formation of a boron–nitrogen heterocycle. Bioconjug Chem. 2019;30:1554–64. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b0024.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bakkum T, Heemskerk MT, Bos E, Groenewold M, Oikonomeas-Koppasis N, Walburg KV, et al. Bioorthogonal correlative light-electron microscopy of mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages reveals the effect of antituberculosis drugs on subcellular bacterial distribution. ACS Cent Sci. 2020;6:1997–2007. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00539.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar  More

Effects of cropland conversion on OC pool in bulk soilCropland restoration identified as an efficient ecological project to promote soil C sequestration in karst erosion areas28,30. The conversion from MS to FG resulted in the total soil OC content and stock across 0–30 cm layers increasing by 46.12% and 43.73% respectively. The result was highly coincident with previous studies observed at 0–10 cm layer, which reported that FG cultivation replaced from MS cultivation could remarkably increase soil OC pool in karst region, Southwest China28. In our study, the lower OC content and stock in MS may be partially attributed to the non-returned crop residues and increased exposure of deep soil OM to oxygen under tillage disturbance, resulting in decreased soil OC accumulation through reducing the input of OM and accelerating OM decomposition28,30,37,38. Nevertheless, the conversion from MS to FG can increase the soil OC pool by increasing inputs from crops. For detail, laregly aboverground crops are harvested and removed from the fields each every year for economic production, there is thus a lack of aboverground OC input. Therefore, the root biomass became the main source of OM inputs, and even slight changes in biomass can substantially alter soil C level39. In the present study, the root biomass in FG field was approximately 6 times that in MS field (110.06 ± 17.24 kg hm−2 averagely) (Table S2). Consequently, the higher root biomass in FG are responsible for the corresponding higher C storage of fine root in FG, which is supported by the fact that higher amount of C were stored in the fine roots of FG field compared with that of MS field (Table S2). In fact, several studies have demonstrated that cultivation of perennial grasses is efficient in stimulating soil OC accumulation owing to its great amount of fine roots and underground biomass33,40. Soil disturbance (such as tillage) is one of the main causes of soil C depletion in agricultural systems, and increased tillage practice can result in greater soil C loss41,42,43. Therefore, the frequent tillage conducted in MS field resulted in lower levels of OC than that in FG field under minimal tillage disturbance.Impacts of cropland conversion on soil aggregates structure and stabilitySoil structure plays an important role in soil environment and quality, which is strongly characterized by soil aggregates and their stability43,44. In our study, soil macro-aggregates dominated the largest portion of total soil while meso-aggregates and micro-aggregates were only accounted for a small portion, indicating that cropland conversion could facilitated the formation of macro-aggregates (Table 2). These findings are in line with other studies, wherein that macro-aggregates occupied the major portion of total soil following farmland or vegetation restoration19,30. Tillage disturbance often disrupts aggregates by bringing subsurface soil to the surface, which can readily promote soil C turnover and hinder macro-aggregate formation45. Conversely, minimal tillage experienced and greater accumulation of root residues resulted in higher C accumulation in the FG field. Furthermore, fine roots improved the soil aggregate stability via the interaction with mycorrhizal fungi, which produced exudates and binding agents and promoted the formation of soil aggregates46,47. Therefore, higher inputs of root residue in the soil could enhance the capacity of aggregate re-formation. In fact, these can be supported by the higher value of root biomass and its C stock in the FG field. In addition, forage grass cultivation can enhance the formation of large and stable soil aggregates by fine roots and fungal hyphae through the production of exudates and binding agents, such as humic compounds, polymers and roots48,49. Thus, few tillage disturbance and higher inputs of root biomass in FG field resulted in soil aggregation enhanced, especially macro-aggregates.Soil aggregate stability can also be characterized by the values of MWD and GMD. Higher MWD or GMD values indicate greater aggregate stability due to more agglomerate ability. The value of MWD in the current study varied from 1.36 to 1.96, which was classified as “stable” by LeBissonnais’ categorization of aggregate stability50.Regardless of soil depth, the FG field had the greatest MWD and GMD values, indicating that its soil aggregates were more stable than those of the other three cropland use types. We may thus draw the conclusion that FG cropland conversion can improve the stability of aggregates based on MWD and GMD.Changes in OC stocks associated –aggregates following cropland conversionCropland use change generally affects soil C sequestration through changing OM inputs and decomposition19. Our study revealed that aggregate-associated OC was significantly higher in FG field than in MS field. These increases were mainly attributed to the new C derived from root residues inputs and decreased losses of OC associated-aggregate by C mineralization in FG soil49. Generally, tillage can breakdown large aggregates into small aggregates, and thus decrease the formation of soil macro-aggregates41,42. Thus, the lower OC content and stock associated-aggregate in MS field can be attributed to the OC loss resulting from soil erosion, and OM input reduction with tillage disturbance8,30,45.In this study, the effects of cropland conversion on OC content associated-aggregate fractions occurred in the top 20 cm soil layers. In the karst region, approximate 57–89% of crop roots are concentrated in the surface soil layer, which directly affects OM inputs from underground root residues51,52. Meanwhile, tillage practices also happened on top 20 cm soil layer6,28,29. As a result, in soils below 20 cm, little or no tillage disturbance and limited OM inputs resulted in fewer or no distinctly changing levels of OC content associated with aggregate following cropland use change.Cropland use change not only affected the OC stocks in bulk soil, but also affected the OC stocks associated-aggregates (Table 1). The difference of sensitivity of OC associated-aggregate to cropland use change may affect its contribution to bulk soil OC accumulation30,38. In our study, the macro-aggregate fraction was the most important contributor to total OC stock increase, followed by meso-aggregate and micro-aggregate (Fig. 4). This is primarily due to the higher amount and OC content of macro-aggregates. Overall all cropland use types, the OC stock associated with macro-aggregate in FG field was higher than that in other three cropland types regardless of soil depth (Fig. 4). For instance, OC stocks within macro-aggregate accounted for about 85.40%, 77.72% and 97.55% of total soil OC stock at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm, respectively, under the conversion from MS to FG. Thus, the accumulation pattern of bulk soil OC stocks could closely related with changes of OC stocks associated with macro-aggregate under cropland use change.The physical protection of OC in aggregates is regarded as one of the main mechanisms for soil OC accumulation through diminishing soil OC degradation and preventing its interaction with mineral particles53,54. In the present study, OC stock in bulk soil correlated substantially with the OC content-associated aggregate following cropland conversion (Fig. 5). Further analysised revealed that OC stocks in bulk soil was significantly correlated to OC stock associated with macro-aggregate (R2 = 0.83, p  More

German CR, Von Damm KL. Hydrothermal processes. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK and Elderfield H, editors. Treatise geochem, Vol. 6. The oceans and marine geochemistry. Oxford, UK:Elsevier-Pergamon, 2004;181–222.Bell JB, Woulds C, Oevelen DV. Hydrothermal activity, functional diversity and chemoautotrophy are major drivers of seafloor carbon cycling. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1–3.
Google Scholar 
McCollom TM. Geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. Deep Res Part I Oceanogr Res Pap. 2000;47:85–101.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tunnicliffe V, Baross JA, Gebruk AV, Giere O, Holland ME, Koschinsky A, et al. Group report: what are the interactions between biotic processes at vents and physical, chemical, and geological conditions. In: Halbach PE, Tunnicliffe V, and Hein JR, editors. Energy and Mass Transfer in Marine Hydrothermal Systems. Berlin-Dahlem:University Press; 2003;251–70.Nakamura K, Takai K. Theoretical constraints of physical and chemical properties of hydrothermal fluids on variations in chemolithotrophic microbial communities in seafloor hydrothermal systems. Prog Earth Planet Sci. 2014;1:1–24.
Google Scholar 
Wang W, Li Z, Zeng L, Dong C, Shao Z. The oxidation of hydrocarbons by diverse heterotrophic and mixotrophic bacteria that inhabit deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems. ISME J. 2020;14:1994–2006.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sinha RK, Krishnan KP, Kurian PJ. Complete genome sequence and comparative genome analysis of Alcanivorax sp. IO_7, a marine alkane-degrading bacterium isolated from hydrothermally-influenced deep seawater of southwest Indian ridge. Genomics 2021;113:884–91.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Li J, Yang J, Sun M, Su L, Wang H, Gao J, et al. Distribution and succession of microbial communities along the dispersal pathway of hydrothermal plumes on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Front Mar Sci. 2020;7:581381.
Google Scholar 
Meier DV, Bach W, Girguis PR, Gruber-Vodicka HR, Reeves EP, Richter M, et al. Heterotrophic Proteobacteria in the vicinity of diffuse hydrothermal venting. Environ Microbiol. 2016;18:4348–68.
Google Scholar 
Li WL, Huang JM, Zhang PW, Cui GJ, Wei ZF, Wu YZ, et al. Periodic and spatial spreading of alkanes and Alcanivorax bacteria in deep waters of the Mariana Trench. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019;85:e02089–18.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Brooijmans RJW, Pastink MI, Siezen RJ. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria: The oil-spill clean-up crew. Micro Biotechnol. 2009;2:587.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Scoma A, Barbato M, Borin S, Daffonchio D, Boon N. An impaired metabolic response to hydrostatic pressure explains Alcanivorax borkumensis recorded distribution in the deep marine water column. Sci Rep. 2016;6:1–3.
Google Scholar 
Lai Q, Wang L, Liu Y, Fu Y, Zhong H, Wang B, et al. Alcanivorax pacificus sp. nov., isolated from a deep-sea pyrene-degrading consortium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2011;61:1370–4.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wu Y, Lai Q, Zhou Z, Qiao N, Liu C, Shao Z. Alcanivorax hongdengensis sp. nov., an alkane-degrading bacterium isolated from surface seawater of the straits of Malacca and Singapore, producing a lipopeptide as its biosurfactant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2009;59:1474–9.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fernández-Martínez J, Pujalte MJ, García-Martínez J, Mata M, Garay E, Rodríguez-Valera F. Description of Alcanivorax venustensis sp. nov. and reclassification of Fundibacter jadensis DSM 12178T (Bruns and Berthe-Corti 1999) as Alcanivorax jadensis comb. nov., members of the emended genus Alcanivorax. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003;53:331–8.
Google Scholar 
Radwan SS, Khanafer MM, Al-Awadhi HA. Ability of the so-called obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria to utilize nonhydrocarbon substrates thus enhancing their activities despite their misleading name. BMC Microbiol. 2019;19:1–2.
Google Scholar 
Kalscheuer R, Stöveken T, Malkus U, Reichelt R, Golyshin PN, Sabirova JS, et al. Analysis of storage lipid accumulation in Alcanivorax borkumensis: Evidence for alternative triacylglycerol biosynthesis routes in bacteria. J Bacteriol. 2007;189:918–28.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Timm C, Davy B, Haase K, Hoernle KA, Graham IJ, De Ronde CEJ, et al. Subduction of the oceanic Hikurangi Plateau and its impact on the Kermadec arc. Nat Commun. 2014;5:1–9.
Google Scholar 
Haase KM, Beier C, Bach W, Kleint C, Anderson MO, Rubin K, et al. SO-263 Cruise Report: Tonga Rift. 2018. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23035.16169.Gartman A, Hannington M, Jamieson JW, Peterkin B, Garbe-Schönberg D, Findlay AJ, et al. Boiling-induced formation of colloidal gold in black smoker hydrothermal fluids. Geology 2018;46:39–42.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Falkenberg JJ, Keith M, Haase KM, Bach W, Klemd R, Strauss H, et al. Effects of fluid boiling on Au and volatile element enrichment in submarine arc-related hydrothermal systems. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 2021;307:105–32.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Peters C, Strauss H, Haase K, Bach W, de Ronde CEJ, Kleint C, et al. SO2 disproportionation impacting hydrothermal sulfur cycling: Insights from multiple sulfur isotopes for hydrothermal fluids from the Tonga-Kermadec intraoceanic arc and the NE Lau Basin. Chem Geol. 2021;586:120586.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Baker ET, Walker SL, Massoth GJ, Resing JA. The NE Lau Basin: Widespread and abundant hydrothermal venting in the back-arc region behind a superfast subduction zone. Front Mar Sci. 2019;6:382.
Google Scholar 
Kim J, Lee KY, Kim JH. Metal-bearing molten sulfur collected from a submarine volcano: Implications for vapor transport of metals in seafloor hydrothermal systems. Geology 2011;39:351–4.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Klose L, Keith M, Hafermaas D, Kleint C, Bach W, Diehl A, et al. Trace element and isotope systematics in vent fluids and sulphides from Maka volcano, North Eastern Lau Spreading Centre: Insights into three-component fluid mixing. Front Earth Sci. 2021;9:1–26.
Google Scholar 
Herlemann DPR, Labrenz M, Jürgens K, Bertilsson S, Waniek JJ, Andersson AF. Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2000 km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea. ISME J. 2011;5:1571–9.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dede B, Hansen CT, Neuholz R, Schnetger B, Kleint C, Walker S, et al. Niche differentiation of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SUP05) in submarine hydrothermal plumes. ISME J. 2022;16:1479–90.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J. 2011;17:10–2.
Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2013.Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13:581–3.CAS 

Google Scholar 
McMurdie PJ, Holmes S. Phyloseq: An R Package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e61217.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Diehl A, Bach W. MARHYS (MARine HYdrothermal Solutions) Database: A global compilation of marine hydrothermal vent fluid, end member, and seawater compositions. Geochem Geophys Geosystems. 2020;21:e2020GC009385.
Google Scholar 
Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D590–6.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pruesse E, Peplies J, Glöckner FO. SINA: Accurate high-throughput multiple sequence alignment of ribosomal RNA genes. Bioinformatics 2012;28:1823–9.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ludwig W, Strunk O, Westram R, Richter L, Meier H, Yadhukumar A, et al. ARB: A software environment for sequence data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:1363–71.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: Assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol. 2010;59:307–21.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Stamatakis A. RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 2014;30:1312–3.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pernthaler A, Pernthaler J, Amann R. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and catalyzed reporter deposition for the identification of marine bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:3094–101.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Amann RI, Binder BJ, Olson RJ, Chisholm SW, Devereux R, Stahl DA. Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990;56:1919–25.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Daims H, Brühl A, Amann R, Schleifer KH, Wagner M. The domain-specific probe EUB338 is insufficient for the detection of all Bacteria: Development and evaluation of a more comprehensive probe set. Syst Appl Microbiol. 1999;22:434–44.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wallner G, Amann R, Beisker W. Optimizing fluorescent in situ hybridization with rRNA‐targeted oligonucleotide probes for flow cytometric identification of microorganisms. Cytometry 1993;14:136–43.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Stahl DA, Amann R. Development and application of nucleic acid probes in bacterial systematics. In: Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics. Stackebrandt, E, Goodfellow M, editors. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 1991. pp. 205–48.Manz W, Amann R, Ludwig W, Wagner M, Schleifer KH. Phylogenetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes for the major subclasses of Proteobacteria: Problems and solutions. Syst Appl Microbiol. 1992;15:593–600.
Google Scholar 
Eilers H, Pernthaler J, Glöckner FO, Amann R. Culturability and in situ abundance of pelagic Bacteria from the North Sea. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000;66:3044–51.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Syutsubo K, Kishira H, Harayama S. Development of specific oligonucleotide probes for the identification and in situ detection of hydrocarbon-degrading Alcanivorax strains. Environ Microbiol. 2001;3:371–9.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Morris RM, Rappé MS, Urbach E, Connon SA, Giovannoni SJ. Prevalence of the Chloroflexi-related SAR202 bacterioplankton cluster throughout the mesopelagic zone and deep ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:2836–42.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bushnell B BBMap (version 35.14). 2015. https://sourceforge.net/projects/bbmap/.Andrews S. FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. Babraham Bioinforma. 2010; http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/.Rodriguez-R LM, Gunturu S, Tiedje JM, Cole JR, Konstantinidis KT. Nonpareil 3: Fast estimation of metagenomic coverage and sequence diversity. mSystems 2018;3:e00039–18.
Google Scholar 
Menzel P, Ng KL, Krogh A. Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics with Kaiju. Nat Commun. 2016;7:1–9.
Google Scholar 
Kopylova E, Noé L, Touzet H. SortMeRNA: Fast and accurate filtering of ribosomal RNAs in metatranscriptomic data. Bioinformatics 2012;28:3211–7.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Li D, Liu CM, Luo R, Sadakane K, Lam TW. MEGAHIT: An ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Bioinformatics 2015;31:1674–6.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gurevich A, Saveliev V, Vyahhi N, Tesler G. QUAST: Quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 2013;29:1072–5.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Alneberg J, Bjarnason BS, De Bruijn I, Schirmer M, Quick J, Ijaz UZ, et al. Binning metagenomic contigs by coverage and composition. Nat Methods. 2014;11:1144–6.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Eren AM, Kiefl E, Shaiber A, Veseli I, Miller SE, Schechter MS, et al. Community-led, integrated, reproducible multi-omics with anvi’o. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6:3–6.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich AA, Dvorkin M, Kulikov AS, et al. SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol. 2012;19:455–77.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Parks DH, Imelfort M, Skennerton CT, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW. CheckM: Assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes. Genome Res. 2015;25:1043–55.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bowers RM, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R, Harmon-Smith M, Doud D, Reddy TBK, et al. Minimum information about a single amplified genome (MISAG) and a metagenome-assembled genome (MIMAG) of bacteria and archaea. Nat Biotech. 2017;35:725–31.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chaumeil P-A, Mussig AJ, Hugenholtz P, Parks DH. GTDB-Tk: a toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database. Bioinformatics 2019;36:1925–7.
Google Scholar 
Seemann T. Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics 2014;30:2068–9.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Priest T, Heins A, Harder J, Amann R, Fuchs BM. Niche partitioning of the ubiquitous and ecologically relevant NS5 marine group. ISME J. 2022;16:1570–82.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Eddy SR. Accelerated profile HMM searches. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7:e1002195.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Karthikeyan S, Rodriguez‐R LM, Heritier‐Robbins P, Hatt JK, Huettel M, Kostka JE, et al. Genome repository of oil systems: An interactive and searchable database that expands the catalogued diversity of crude oil‐associated microbes. Environ Microbiol. 2020;22:2094–106.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Letunic I, Bork P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49:W293–6.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Arndt D, Grant JR, Marcu A, Sajed T, Pon A, Liang Y, et al. PHASTER: a better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44:W16–21.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 2014;30:2114–20.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gomes AÉI, Stuchi LP, Siqueira NMG, Henrique JB, Vicentini R, Ribeiro ML, et al. Selection and validation of reference genes for gene expression studies in Klebsiella pneumoniae using Reverse Transcription Quantitative real-time PCR. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1–4.
Google Scholar 
Guidi L, Chaffron S, Bittner L, Eveillard D, Larhlimi A, Roux S, et al. Plankton networks driving carbon export in the oligotrophic ocean. Nature 2016;532:465–70.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Duarte CM. Seafaring in the 21st century: the Malaspina 2010 circumnavigation expedition. Limnol Oceanogr Bull. 2015;24:11–4.
Google Scholar 
Anantharaman K, Breier JA, Dick GJ. Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center. ISME J. 2016;10:225–39.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Waite DW, Vanwonterghem I, Rinke C, Parks DH, Zhang Y, Takai K, et al. Comparative genomic analysis of the class Epsilonproteobacteria and proposed reclassification to Epsilonbacteraeota (phyl. nov.). Front Microbiol. 2017;8:682.
Google Scholar 
Waite DW, Vanwonterghem I, Rinke C, Parks DH, Zhang Y, Takai K, et al. Addendum: Comparative genomic analysis of the class Epsilonproteobacteria and proposed reclassification to Epsilonbacteraeota (phyl.nov.). Front Microbiol. 2017;9:772.
Google Scholar 
Green DH, Llewellyn LE, Negri AP, Blackburn SI, Bolch CJS. Phylogenetic and functional diversity of the cultivable bacterial community associated with the paralytic shellfish poisoning dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2004;47:345–57.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ramasamy KP, Rajasabapathy R, Lips I, Mohandass C, James RA. Genomic features and copper biosorption potential of a new Alcanivorax sp. VBW004 isolated from the shallow hydrothermal vent (Azores, Portugal). Genomics 2020;112:3268–73.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Barbato M, Scoma A, Mapelli F, De Smet R, Banat IM, Daffonchio D, et al. Hydrocarbonoclastic Alcanivorax isolates exhibit different physiological and expression responses to N-dodecane. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:2056.
Google Scholar 
Sevilla E, Yuste L, Rojo F. Marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria as whole-cell biosensors for n-alkanes. Micro Biotechnol. 2015;8:693–706.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tivey MK. Black and white smokers. In: Harff J, Meschede M, Petersen S, Thiede Jö, editors. Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2016. p. 58–62.Djurhuus A, Mikalsen SO, Giebel HA, Rogers AD. Cutting through the smoke: The diversity of microorganisms in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. R Soc Open Sci. 2017;4:160829.
Google Scholar 
Leahy JG, Colwell RR. Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment. Microbiol Rev. 1990;54:305–15.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Atlas R, Bragg J. Bioremediation of marine oil spills: When and when not – The Exxon Valdez experience. Micro Biotechnol. 2009;2:213–21.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Reva ON, Hallin PF, Willenbrock H, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Tümmler B, Ussery DW. Global features of the Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 genome. Environ Microbiol. 2008;10:614–25.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gregory GJ, Morreale DP, Carpenter MR, Kalburge SS, Boyd EF. Quorum sensing regulators AphA and OpaR control expression of the operon responsible for biosynthesis of the compatible solute ectoine. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019;85:e01543–19.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Richter AA, Mais CN, Czech L, Geyer K, Hoeppner A, Smits SHJ, et al. Biosynthesis of the stress-protectant and chemical chaperon ectoine: biochemistry of the transaminase EctB. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2811.
Google Scholar 
Schneiker S, Dos Santos VAPM, Bartels D, Bekel T, Brecht M, Buhrmester J, et al. Genome sequence of the ubiquitous hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis. Nat Biotechnol. 2006;24:997–1004.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang W, Shao Z. Enzymes and genes involved in aerobic alkane degradation. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:116.
Google Scholar 
Barclay W, Rodd JA, Pflueger JC, Havard KR, Helu SP. Oil plays in the kingdom of Tonga, Southwest Pacific. PESA J. 1993;21:79–92.
Google Scholar 
Chadwick WW, Rubin KH, Merle SG, Bobbitt AM, Kwasnitschka T, Embley RW. Recent eruptions between 2012-2018 discovered at West Mata submarine volcano (NE Lau Basin, SW Pacific) and characterized by new ship, AUV, and ROV data. Front Mar Sci. 2019;6:495.
Google Scholar 
Baumberger T, Lilley MD, Lupton JE, Baker ET, Resing JA, Buck NJ, et al. Dissolved gas and metal composition of hydrothermal plumes from a 2008 submarine eruption on the Northeast Lau Spreading Center. Front Mar Sci. 2020;7:171.
Google Scholar 
Lupton J, Rubin KH, Arculus R, Lilley M, Butterfield D, Resing J, et al. Helium isotope, C/3 He, and Ba‐Nb‐Ti signatures in the northern Lau Basin: Distinguishing arc, back‐arc, and hotspot affinities. Geochem Geophys. 2015;16:1133–55.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Graham DW. Noble gas isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge and ocean island basalts: Characterization of mantle source reservoirs. In: Porcelli D, Wieler R, Ballentine C, editors. Noble gases in Geochemistry and cosmochemistry, Rev Mineral Geochem. Vol 47. Washington D.C.: Mineral Soc. Of Am; 2002. p. 247–318.Lupton JE, Arculus RJ, Greene RR, Evans LJ, Goddard CI. Helium isotope variations in seafloor basalts from the Northwest Lau Backarc Basin: Mapping the influence of the Samoan hotspot. Geophys Res Lett. 2009;36:L17313.
Google Scholar 
Gordon GW. Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds – A comprehensive survey. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod. 1996;68:1–423.
Google Scholar 
Spietz RL, Butterfield DA, Buck NJ, Larson BI, Chadwick WW, Walker SL, et al. Deep-sea volcanic eruptions create unique chemical and biological linkages between the subsurface lithosphere and the oceanic hydrosphere. Oceanography. 2018;31:128–35.
Google Scholar 
Huber JA, Butterfield DA, Baross JA. Bacterial diversity in a subseafloor habitat following a deep-sea volcanic eruption. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2003;43:393–409.CAS 

Google Scholar  More