Ecology

AbstractThis study focuses on the nine provinces along the Yellow River, and establishes a water resources system resilience evaluation framework consisting of 34 indicators based on a meteorology-hydrology-socioeconomy-ecology-engineering multidimensional system. By applying a TOPSIS for assessing water resources system resilience, that incorporates combination weighting approach based on game theory, this study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of the water resources system resilience from 2009 to 2022.The resilience of water resources system in the provinces along the Yellow River exhibited an overall fluctuating upward trend. Since 2019, resilience levels generally increased, with the lowest values of 0.36 in 2009 and 2010, and the highest value of 0.59 in 2021. Some provinces, including Shanxi, Gansu, and Qinghai experienced significant fluctuations in resilience due to climate variability and the implementation of local policies, whereas regions such as Shaanxi and Shandong maintained relatively stable resilience levels. From 2009 to 2022, the resilience levels of water resources system in the provinces along the Yellow River were ranked in descending order: Sichuan > Henan > Shaanxi > Inner Mongolia > Qinghai > Shandong > Ningxia > Gansu > Shanxi. Sichuan and Henan achieved Level II (higher resilience), with the rest at Level III (moderate resilience).

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Download referencesFundingThe research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of china (2022YFC3202300), National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program (52479014), Talent support project of Henan province (254000510001), The Belt and Road Special Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention (2023nkzd02), Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Water Management and Water Security for Yellow River Basin, Ministry of Water Resources (under construction) (2023-SYSJJ-05), Yellow River Conservancy Commission Outstanding Youth Talent Science and Technology Project (HQK-202301).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsNorth China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, ChinaFang Wan, Yuze Kang, Hui Guo, Panpan Zhao, Jiawen Zhao & Mingran LiNational Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210029, ChinaFang WanYellow River Conservancy Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Zhengzhou, 450003, ChinaYu WangState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, ChinaWeihao WangKey Laboratory of Water Safety for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, 100038, ChinaWeihao WangEstuary Administration Bureau, Yellow River Administration Bureau of Shandong Province, Dongying, 257091, ChinaZhen ZhouAuthorsFang WanView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarYuze KangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarYu WangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarWeihao WangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarHui GuoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarPanpan ZhaoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJiawen ZhaoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarZhen ZhouView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMingran LiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsFW: Software, Conceptualization. YK: Writing–original draft, Methodology. YW: Conceptualization. WW: Writing–review & editing, Writing–original draft, Methodology. HG: Writing–review & editing. PZ: Conceptualization. JZ: Writing–review & editing, Formal analysis. ZZ: Writing–review & editing, Investigation. ML: Writing–review & editing.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleWan, F., Kang, Y., Wang, Y. et al. Resilience assessment and spatiotemporal evolution analysis of water resources system in the provinces along the Yellow River.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31512-1Download citationReceived: 12 October 2025Accepted: 03 December 2025Published: 23 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31512-1Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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KeywordsWater resources system resilienceTOPSIS modelSpatiotemporal evolutionProvinces along the Yellow River More

AbstractNatural forests in Ethiopia are significant biodiversity repositories and climate change regulators, but they are under growing pressure from anthropogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the composition, structure, and regeneration status of the Mugere Zala natural forest in Asagrit District, Central Ethiopia. A systematic sampling strategy was utilised to collect samples from 20 m × 20 m sample plots for trees, 10 m × 10 m for shrubs, and 5 m × 5 m subplots for saplings and seedlings. The sample plots were placed 400 m apart along transects laid at 200 m intervals. The composition and population structure data for woody species (diameter at breast height (DBH) > 2.5 cm and height > 2 m) were documented. To assess plant diversity, quantitative species diversity, richness, and evenness were calculated. A total of 62 species were identified in 47 genera and 43 families. With 5 (11.6%) species, the Rosaceae family had the highest species richness. In total, 557 mature trees, 747 saplings, and 1036 seedlings ha-1 were observed in the sampled plots. Clutia abyssinica, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Maesa lanceolata, Allophylus abyssinicus, Carissa spinarum, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Jasminum abyssinicum were associated with about 49.98% of the importance values. Compared to other similar forests in Ethiopia, the vegetation structure is similar and distinct. The forest is dominated by small plant species and largest native tree species despite its poor regeneration status. This is because highland forests are particularly difficult to manage due to population pressure, which is associated with grazing effects.

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All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
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Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe would like to express our deepest gratitude to the Asagirt District Agriculture Office and Mension Furt Mension for their support and cooperation during data collection. We are grateful to the Meti village Administrators and Security officials for their assistance during our stay in the field. The contributions and assistants of Solomon Bahiru, Dirsha Getachew and Zinash Shewangizaw, who were development agents of the study area, were unforgatble. The national Herbarium workers of Addis Ababa University are highly thankful for their cooperation during species identification.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, PO Box 79, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaMengistu Asmamaw Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, EthiopiaGebremicael FisahaDepartment of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, PO Box 79, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaKindye Belaye WassieAuthorsMengistu AsmamawView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarGebremicael FisahaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarKindye Belaye WassieView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsM. A., G.F., and K.B. W. wrote the main manuscript and prepared Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. All authors reviewed the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
Kindye Belaye Wassie.Ethics declarations

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The authors state that this publication does not contain any information concerning human experiments or the use of human tissue samples. Plant species data was collected from forests in collaboration with the Asagirt District Agriculture Office. The research followed the IUCN policy guidelines and restrictions.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleAsmamaw, M., Fisaha, G. & Wassie, K.B. Woody plants composition, structure and regeneration status of Muger Zala natural forest, Central Ethiopia.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33509-2Download citationReceived: 21 July 2025Accepted: 19 December 2025Published: 23 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33509-2Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractTo solve the problems of deep mining safety and ground pressure control in Sanshandao gold mine, a novel ground pressure control mode of deep mining in a subsea metal mine was studied by physical model test and numerical simulation analysis. First, the novel ground pressure control mode was studied by physical model test, the surface deformation characteristics of the physical model were observed by the DIC method, and the deformation and damage characteristics of the rock layer were obtained. Then, the numerical simulation analysis of the novel ground pressure control mode was carried out and verified with the results of the physical model test. Finally, the determined ground pressure control model was verified by engineering. The research results show that the physical model has an obvious disturbance to the surrounding area during the excavation process according to the analysis of the strain monitoring points, and the strain value at the monitoring point was maintained at approximately one ten-thousandth. Meanwhile, the stress change reflected by the strain was consistent with the numerical simulation results, confirming the authenticity of the physical model test results. Additionally, the field industrial test shows that the control mode has a good control effect on the high ground stress in the deep subsea metal mining.

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Data availability

The datasets used and analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
AbbreviationsDIC:
Digital image correlation

L
p
:
the actual quarry size of the project

K
L
:
Geometric ratio

L
m
:
the dimensions of similar material models

(K_{rho})
:
Density similarity ratio

(rho_p)
:
Density of the actual rock mass of the project

(rho_m)
:
Density of similar material

(K_{sigma s})
:
Stress similarity ratio

(rho_p)
:
Stress on the actual rock mass of the project

(rho_m)
:
Stress on similar material model

({sigma _{hbox{max} }})
:
The maximum horizontal principal stress

({sigma _{hbox{min} }})
:
Minimum horizontal principal stress

({sigma _z})
:
Vertical stress
H:
The burial depth of the measurement point

({varepsilon _x})
:
Horizontal strain

({varepsilon _h})
:
Vertical strain

({varepsilon _{hbox{max} }})
:
The maximum principal strain

({varepsilon _{hbox{min} }})
:
The minimum principal strain
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Quanqi Zhu.Ethics declarations

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleLiu, W., Liu, Z., Qiu, J. et al. Research on ground pressure control modes in a subsea mine by physical model test and numerical simulation analysis.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32253-xDownload citationReceived: 30 September 2024Accepted: 09 December 2025Published: 23 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32253-xShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractSoil extracellular enzymes are critical drivers of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects of phosphorus (P) additions on soil enzyme activities and stoichiometries, particularly under varying nitrogen (N) addition regimes worldwide, are not well comprehended. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 155 field studies across various ecosystems (forests, croplands and grasslands), which shows that P enrichment conditions enhances C-acquiring enzymes but has no effect on the enzymatic C:N ratio. P addition alone reduces P-acquiring enzymes by 14% without affecting N-acquiring enzymes. In contrast, P combined with N addition boosts N-acquiring enzymes by 21% while leaving P-acquiring enzymes unchanged. Notably, the combined effect of P and N addition on microbial C limitation (assessed via vector length) and enzymatic stoichiometries is less pronounced than that of P addition alone. Key drivers of these responses include mean annual precipitation, soil microbial biomass, and its stoichiometries. These results suggest that N addition mitigates the stoichiometric imbalance and microbial C limitation induced by P addition, potentially promoting soil organic C accumulation. Our findings emphasize the critical need to account for such interactive effects in models predicting soil biogeochemical cycles under future changes in global exogenous N and P inputs.

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Data availability

The data used can be found in Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30737228).
Code availability

R code used can be found in Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30370738).
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Tingting Ren or Honghua Ruan.Ethics declarations

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleLiu, H., Ren, T., Liao, J. et al. Nitrogen deposition alleviates phosphorus-induced imbalances in soil enzyme stoichiometry.
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AbstractSoutheastern China is pivotal for understanding tropical cyclone (TC) behavior in the Northwest Pacific, the most active TC basin on Earth. However, short instrumental records limit our knowledge of past tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) and its response to human-driven warming. Here we combine multi-year monitoring of xylem cell formation with a process-based tree growth model to demonstrate that latewood width in coastal conifers is an effective proxy for TCP. We build a latewood chronology from the western Taiwan Strait and reconstruct July-September TCP from 1846 to 2020, explaining 62.6% of observed variance. The reconstruction reveals a marked increase in interannual TCP variability since the 1940s, closely associated with enhanced variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This work provides physiological evidence linking TCP to intra-annual tree-ring dynamics and establishes tree rings as a proxy for high-resolution TC reconstructions and climate risk assessment across the Pacific Rim.

Data availability

The tropical cyclone precipitation reconstruction data can be downloaded at https://zenodo.org/records/16990266, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16990266.
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Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42425101 and 42301058), and Fujian Institute for Cross-Straits Integrated Development (LARH24JBO7). JA was supported by the research Grant 23-05272S of the Czech Science Foundation and long-term research development project No. RVO 67985939 of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The authors thank A. Garside for editing the English text.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsKey Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process (Ministry of Education), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, ChinaChunsong Wang, Keyan Fang, Feifei Zhou, Jiani Gao, Jane Liu, Zhipeng Dong, Shuheng Lin, Hao Wu & Zepeng MeiDépartement des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Boulevard de l’Université Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, CanadaChunsong Wang & Sergio RossiDepartment of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaJane LiuCentro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIDE, CSIC-UV-Generalitat Valenciana), Climate, Atmosphere and Ocean Laboratory (Climatoc-Lab), Moncada, Valencia, SpainCesar Azorin-MolinaInstituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, SpainJ. Julio CamareroSchool of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, ChinaPengcheng WuState Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, ChinaHao WuRegional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenHans W. LinderholmInstitute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech RepublicJan AltmanFaculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech RepublicJan AltmanAuthorsChunsong WangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarKeyan FangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarFeifei ZhouView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJiani GaoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSergio RossiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJane LiuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarZhipeng DongView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCesar Azorin-MolinaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarShuheng LinView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJ. Julio CamareroView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarPengcheng WuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarHao WuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarHans W. LinderholmView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarZepeng MeiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJan AltmanView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsConceptualization: C.W., K.F., and F.Z. Methodology: C.W., K.F., F.Z., P.W., H.W., and Z.M. Investigation: C.W., F.Z., Z.D. Visualization: K.F., J.G., S.R., and J.A. Funding acquisition: K.F., J.G., and J.A. Project administration: K.F. Supervision: K.F., J.G., S.R., and J.A. Writing— original draft: C.W. and K.F. Writing—review and editing: K.F., S.R., J.L., C.A.-M., S.L., J.J.C., H.W.L., and J.A.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
Keyan Fang.Ethics declarations

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Communications Earth and Environment thanks Justin Maxwell and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary handling editors: Yiming Wang and Somaparna Ghosh [A peer review file is available].

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleWang, C., Fang, K., Zhou, F. et al. Enhanced tropical cyclone precipitation variability is linked to Pacific Decadal Oscillation since the 1940s.
Commun Earth Environ (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03129-9Download citationReceived: 13 July 2025Accepted: 11 December 2025Published: 22 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03129-9Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractTropical Indian Ocean warming has intensified under greenhouse forcing, yet its influence on North American terrestrial and agricultural productivity remains poorly understood. Here we show that summer tropical Indian Ocean warming is linked to widespread drying and reduced gross primary productivity across North America. Observations and model simulations reveal that tropical Indian Ocean-induced atmospheric heating excites stationary Rossby wave trains, which establish a high-pressure ridge over western North America and suppresses moisture transport into the continent. This leads to reduced precipitation and soil moisture, leading to 10-20% reductions in terrestrial productivity and crop yields. The relationship persists after excluding El Niño–Southern Oscillation years and is reproduced in multiple climate models, showing robust teleconnection processes. These results highlight a previously underappreciated pathway through which tropical Indian Ocean warming can weaken the North American land carbon sink under future climate change.

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Data availability

All observed data used in this study are publicly available (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/ data.20thC_ReanV3.html; https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.ersst.v5.html). The data can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30813968.
Code availability

The codes used in this study can be downloaded here: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30813968.
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Download referencesAcknowledgementsY.-M.Y. is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. RS-2025-23524302 and RS-2024-00416848).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Environment & Energy/ School of Civil, Environmental, Resources and Energy Engineering/Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of KoreaYoung-Min YangDivision of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of KoreaJae-Heung ParkDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaJinsoo KimDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences and Irreversible Climate Change Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaSoon-Il AnDepartment Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of KoreaSang-Wook YehDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences and International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USABin WangAuthorsYoung-Min YangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJae-Heung ParkView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJinsoo KimView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSoon-Il AnView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSang-Wook YehView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarBin WangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsY.-M.Y., S.-I.A., and B.W. conceived the idea. Y.-M.Y. performed the model experiments and analyses. S.-I.A., Y.-M.Y., S.-W.Y., B.W., J.-H.P., and J.K. wrote the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
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The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information
Communications Earth and Environment thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary handling editors: Jinfeng Chang, Somaparna Ghosh, and Aliénor Lavergne [A peer review file is available].

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary informationTransparent Peer Review fileSupplementary InformationReporting summaryRights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleYang, YM., Park, JH., Kim, J. et al. Tropical Indian Ocean forcing on North American terrestrial and agricultural productivity decline under greenhouse warming.
Commun Earth Environ (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03126-yDownload citationReceived: 30 May 2025Accepted: 10 December 2025Published: 22 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03126-yShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractInvasive Aedes mosquitoes are major vectors of arboviral diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, posing an increasing threat to global public health. Their recent geographic expansion calls for predictive models to simulate population dynamics and transmission risk. Temperature is a key driver in these models, influencing traits that affect vector competence. Numerous datasets on temperature-dependent traits exist for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, though they are scattered, inconsistent, and difficult to synthesise. For emerging species like Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus, such datasets are scarce. To address these gaps, we developed AedesTraits, an open-access, machine-readable dataset aligned with VecTraits standards. It compiles and systematises experimental data on temperature-dependent traits across these four Aedes species, covering life-history, morphological, physiological, and behavioural traits. Our synthesis highlights existing knowledge gaps and identifies under-studied species and traits. By promoting data systematisation and accessibility, AedesTraits supports Aedes–borne disease modelling and fosters international collaboration in the development of forecasting tools for arbovirus outbreaks.

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Data availability

AedesTraits is permanently archived in a Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15149903). In addition, AedesTraits is also deposited in and available for download from the VecTraits database30.
Code availability

No custom code was used to create this dataset.
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Download referencesAcknowledgementsDaniele Da Re was supported by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions – Postdoctoral fellowship Nr. 101106664. Veronica Andreo and Tomas San Miguel were supported by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina (PICT Nr. 00372-2021). Paul Huxley, Joe Harrison, Sean Sorek and Leah Johnson were funded by NSF DBI #2016264 and NSF DMS/DEB #1750113. Marharyta Blaha and Roberto Rosà were funded by the Italian research grant PRIN “MosqIT” funding. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. The authors thank Dr Eisen for kindly providing access to the raw data of his publication and also thank Lauren Chapman, Thomas Byrne, and Wills McGraw for the datasets that they worked on.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Daniele Da Re, Veronica Andreo.Authors and AffiliationsResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all’Adige, ItalyDaniele Da Re & Annapaola RizzoliCenter Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, S. Michele all’Adige, ItalyDaniele Da Re, Margo Blaha & Roberto RosàGulich Institute. Argentinian Space Agency (CONAE) and National University of Córdoba, Falda del Cañete, ArgentinaVeronica Andreo & Tomas Valentin San MiguelNational Council of Scientific and Technological Research, CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), ArgentinaVeronica Andreo & Tomas Valentin San MiguelDepartment of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USAJoe Harrison, Sean Sorek, Leah R. Johnson & Paul J. HuxleyDepartment of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UKPaul J. HuxleyAuthorsDaniele Da ReView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarVeronica AndreoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarTomas Valentin San MiguelView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMargo BlahaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarRoberto RosàView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAnnapaola RizzoliView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJoe HarrisonView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSean SorekView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarLeah R. JohnsonView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarPaul J. HuxleyView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsDaniele Da Re, Veronica Andreo and Paul Huxley conceived the study; Paul Huxley led the literature review and digitisation efforts, with relevant contributions from Daniele Da Re, Veronica Andreo, Tomas San Miguel, Marharyta Blaha, Joe Harrison and Sean Sorek; Paul Huxley reviewed all the digitised information, ensuring that it adhered to the VecTraits standards. Daniele Da Re and Veronica Andreo performed the summary analyses of the dataset; Daniele Da Re led the writing of the manuscript, with relevant contributions from Veronica Andreo and Paul Huxley. All authors contributed critically to the drafts and gave their final approval for publication.Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to
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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleDa Re, D., Andreo, V., San Miguel, T.V. et al. AedesTraits: A global dataset of temperature–dependent trait responses in Aedes mosquitoes.
Sci Data (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06461-zDownload citationReceived: 10 April 2025Accepted: 11 December 2025Published: 22 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06461-zShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractOpuntia ficus-indica (L.), a cactus, a critical crop in Morocco, has been severely damaged by Dactylopius opuntiae since its introduction in 2014. This study evaluated the insecticidal and preventive effects of kaolin clay against D. opuntiae females and nymphs under laboratory and field conditions and assessed its impact on the physiological parameters of health and wettability of cactus cladodes. Laboratory cage experiments revealed that Kaolin-treated cladodes (30 g/L) had significantly fewer colonies (3.67) than water-treated controls (7.33) after 42 days, with stable evolution up to 60 days. Choice tests showed more nymphs on untreated cladodes (7) than on treated ones (3) after one day. No-choice tests revealed significantly higher nymph mortality on kaolin-treated cladodes (75 dead nymphs) compared to controls (21) by day 44. Field trials supported these findings, with treated cladodes showing only 16 colonies after 40 days compared to 35 on untreated ones. Kaolin also induced direct insecticidal activity, causing 62% and 74% nymph mortality three days after application at 30 g/L and 60 g/L, respectively. Female mortality reached 32% after five days at the double dose. In addition, Kaolin preserved greener cladodes with darker tissues, and higher chlorophyll levels, while infested cladodes showed chlorophyll loss and lighter color. Kaolin also transformed cladode surfaces from hydrophobic (contact angle: 111.11°) to hydrophilic (contact angle: 67°) after one day, with a decrease to 57° after 21 days. These results highlight the potential of Kaolin as a preventive control without affecting cactus quality.

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThe authors sincerely thank Mr. Ismail Bennani from the UM6P core lab for their electron microscopy service. We also want to thank the cactus growers in Marchouch and Berrechid regions for helping with fieldwork and UM6P for funding this research.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Chaimae Ramdani and Karim El Fakhouri.Authors and AffiliationsAgroBioSciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, MoroccoChaimae Ramdani, Karim El Fakhouri, Asma Tika, Mohamed Amine Sadeq, Oumaima Moustaid, Noamane Taarji & Mustapha El BouhssiniAuthorsChaimae RamdaniView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarKarim El FakhouriView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAsma TikaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMohamed Amine SadeqView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarOumaima MoustaidView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarNoamane TaarjiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMustapha El BouhssiniView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsCR, KEF, MEB conceived and designed research. CR, AT and MAS conducted experiments. KEF, NT, OM and AT analyzed data. CR, KEF, AT, and NT wrote the manuscript. MEB, NT and OM review of the article. All authors read and approved the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
Chaimae Ramdani.Ethics declarations

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Additional informationPublisher’s noteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary InformationBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material.Supplementary Material 1Supplementary Material 2Supplementary Material 3Supplementary Material 4Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleRamdani, C., El Fakhouri, K., Tika, A. et al. Kaolin particle film repellent effect against the wild cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae and its impact on cactus pear health.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33560-zDownload citationReceived: 12 May 2025Accepted: 19 December 2025Published: 22 December 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33560-zShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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KeywordsWild cochinealCactusKaolinPreventive approachSurface wettabilitySupplementary Material 1Supplementary Material 2Supplementary Material 3 More