Ecology

Vögtle, F. Cyclophane Chemistry: Synthesis, Structures and Reactions. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester; 1993.Gleiter, R, Hopf H. Modern Cyclophane Chemistry. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim; 2004.Hopf H. [2.2]Paracyclophanes in Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008;47:9808–12.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Brown CJ, Farthing AC. Preparation and structure of Di-p-Xylylene. Nature. 1949;164:915–6.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Cram DJ, Steinberg H. Macro Rings. I. Preparation and spectra of the paracyclophanes. J Am Chem Soc. 1951;73:5691–704.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang S, Bazan GC, Tretiak S, Mukamel S. Oligophenylenevinylene Phane Dimers: probing the effect of contact site on the optical properties of bichromophoric pairs. J Am Chem Soc. 2000;122:1289–97.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bartholomew GP, Bazan GC. Bichromophoric paracyclophanes: models for interchromophore delocalization. Acc Chem Res. 2001;34:30–9.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bartholomew GP, Bazan GC. Strategies for the Synthesis of ‘Through-space’ Chromophore Dimers Based on [2.2]Paracyclophane. Synthesis. 2002;1245–55.Hong JW, Woo HY, Bazan GC. Solvatochromism of distyrylbenzene pairs bound together by [2.2]Paracyclophane: evidence for a polarizable “Through-space” delocalized state. J Am Chem Soc. 2005;127:7435–43.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bazan GC. Novel organic materials through control of multichromophore interactions. J Org Chem. 2007;72:8615–35.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Cram DJ, Allinger NL. Macro Rings. XII stereochemical consequences of steric compression in the smallest paracyclophane. J Am Chem Soc. 1955;77:6289–94.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rozenberg V, Sergeeva E, Hopf H. Cyclophanes as templates in stereoselective synthesis. In Gleiter R, Hopf H, editors. Modern Cyclophane Chemistry. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim; 2004, p. 435–62.Rowlands GJ. The synthesis of enantiomerically pure [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives. Org Biomol Chem. 2008;6:1527–34.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Gibson SE, Knight JD. [2.2]Paracyclophane derivatives in asymmetric catalysis. Org Biomol Chem. 2003;1:1256–69.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Aly AA, Brown AB. Asymmetric and fused heterocycles based on [2.2]Paracyclophane. Tetrahedron. 2009;65:8055–89.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Paradies J. [2.2]Paracyclophane derivatives: synthesis and application in catalysis. Synthesis. 2011;3749–66.Delcourt M-L, Felder S, Turcaud S, Pollok CH, Merten C, Micouin L, et al. Highly enantioselective asymmetric transfer hydrogenation: a practical and scalable method to efficiently access planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanes. J Org Chem. 2019;84:5369–82.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Vorontsova NV, Rozenberg VI, Sergeeva EV, Vorontsov EV, Starikova ZA, Lyssenko KA, et al. Symmetrically tetrasubstituted [2.2]Paracyclophanes: their systematization and regioselective synthesis of several types of bis-bifunctional derivatives by double electrophilic substitution. Chem Eur J. 2008;14:4600–17.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
David ORP. Syntheses and applications of disubstituted [2.2]Paracyclophanes. Tetrahedron. 2012;68:8977–93.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hassan Z, Spluling E, Knoll DM, Lahann J, Bräse S. Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophanes: from synthetic curiosity to applications in asymmetric synthesis and materials. Chem Soc Rev. 2018;47:6947–63.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hassan Z, Spuling E, Knoll DM, Bräse S. Regioselective functionalization of [2.2]Paracyclophanes: recent synthetic progress and perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2020;59:2156–70.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Felder S, Wu S, Brom J, Micouin L, Benedetti E. Enantiopure Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophanes: synthesis and applications in asymmetric organocatalysis. Chirality. 2021;33:506–27.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Morisaki Y. Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Planar Chiral Compounds Based on [2.2]Paracyclophane. In: Mori T, editor. Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Isolated Small Organic Molecules. Springer: Singapore; 2020, p. 31–52.Morisaki, Y. Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane. In: Ooyama Y, Yagi S, editors. Progress in the Science of Functional Dyes. Springer: Singapore; 2021, p. 343–74.Morisaki Y, Chujo Y. Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophanes: optical resolution and transformation to optically active π-stacked molecules. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 2019;92:265–74.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Maeda H, Kameda M, Hatakeyama T, Morisaki Y. π-Stacked polymer consisting of a Pseudo-meta-[2.2]Paracyclophane skeleton. Polymers. 2018;10:1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101140.PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Gon M, Sawada R, Morisaki Y, Chujo Y. Enhancement and controlling the signal of circularly polarized luminescence based on a Planar Chiral Tetrasubstituted [2.2]Paracyclophane Framework in Aggregation System. Macromolecules. 2017;50:1790–802.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gon M, Morisaki Y, Sawada R, Chujo Y. Synthesis of optically active X-shaped conjugated compounds and dendrimers based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane, leading to highly emissive circularly Polarized Luminescence. Chem Eur J. 2016;22:2291–8.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Morisaki Y, Inoshita K, Shibata S, Chujo Y. Synthesis of optically active through-space conjugated polymers consisting of Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane and Quaterthiophene. Polym J. 2015;47:278–81.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Morisaki Y, Hifumi R, Lin L, Inoshita K, Chujo Y. Through-space conjugated polymers consisting of Planar Chiral Pseudo-ortho-linked [2.2]Paracyclophane. Polym Chem. 2012;3:2727–30.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Liao C, Zhang Y, Ye S-H, Zheng W-H. Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane-based thermally activated delayed fluorescent materials for circularly polarized electroluminescence. ACS Appl Mater Int. 2021;13:25186–92.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zhang M-Y, Li Z-Y, Lu B, Wang Y, Ma Y-D, Zhao C-H. Solid-state emissive triarylborane-based [2.2]Paracyclophanes displaying circularly polarized luminescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Org Lett. 2018;20:6868–71.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Morisaki Y, Hifumi R, Lin L, Inoshita K, Chujo Y. Practical optical resolution of Planar Chiral Pseudo-ortho-disubstituted [2.2]Paracyclophane. Chem Lett. 2012;41:990–2.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tsuchiya M, Maeda H, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Construction of Helical Structures with Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane: fusing helical and planar chiralities. Chem Commun. 2021;57:9256–9.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kikuchi K, Nakamura J, Nagata Y, Tsuchida H, Kakuta T, Ogoshi T, et al. Control of circularly polarized luminescence by orientation of stacked π-Electron Systems. Chem Asian J. 2019;14:1681–5.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Morisaki Y, Sawada R, Gon M, Chujo Y. New Type of Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophanes and construction of one-handed double Helices. Chem Asian J. 2016;11:2524–7.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Sawada R, Gon M, Nakamura J, Morisaki Y, Chujo Y. Synthesis of Enantiopure Planar Chiral Bis-(para)-Pseudo-meta-Type [2.2]Paracyclophanes. Chirality. 2018;30:1109–14.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Morisaki Y, Gon M, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N, Chujo Y. Planar Chiral Tetrasubstituted [2.2]Paracyclophane: optical resolution and functionalization. J Am Chem Soc. 2014;136:3350–3.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Sonogashira K, Tohda Y, Hagihara N. A convenient synthesis of acetylenes: catalytic substitutions of acetylenic hydrogen with bromoalkenes, iodoarenes and bromopyridines. Tetrahedron Lett. 1975;16:4467–70.
Google Scholar 
Sonogashira K. Palladium-Catalyzed Alkynylation: Sonogashira Alkyne Synthesis. In: Negishi E, editor. Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis. Wiley-Interscience: New York; 2002, p. 493–529.Meyer-Epler G, Sure R, Schneider A, Schnakenburg G, Grimme S, Lützen A. Synthesis, Chiral Resolution, and absolute configuration of dissymmetric 4,15-Difunctionalized [2.2]Paracyclophanes. J Org Chem. 2014;79:6679–87.
Google Scholar 
Miki N, Maeda H, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Syntheses and Chiroptical properties of optically active V-shaped molecules based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane. ChemistrySelect. 2021;6:12970–4.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bondarenko L, Dix I, Hinrichs H, Hopf H. Cyclophanes. Part LII: Ethynyl[2.2]paracyclophanes – New Building Blocks for Molecular Scaffolding. Synthesis. 2004;2751–9.Tanaka Y, Ozawa T, Inagaki A, Akita M. Redox-active Polyiron Complexes with Tetra(ethynylphenyl)ethene and [2,2]Paracyclophane spacers containing ethynylphenyl units: extension to higher dimensional molecular wire. Dalton Trans. 2007;928–33.Morisaki Y, Ueno S, Saeki A, Asano A, Seki S, Chujo Y. π-Electron-system-layered Polymer: through-space conjugation and properties as a single molecular wire. Chem Eur J. 2012;18:4216–24.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Morisaki Y, Inoshita K, Chujo Y. Planar Chiral through-space conjugated oligomers: synthesis and characterization of Chiroptical Properties. Chem Eur J. 2014;20:8386–90.CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Saeki A. Evaluation-oriented exploration of photo energy conversion systems: from fundamental optoelectronics and material screening to the combination with Data Science. Polym J. 2020;52:1307–21.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Miki N, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Synthesis of optically active V-shaped molecules: studies on the orientation of the Stacked π-Electron Systems and Their Chiroptical Properties. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 2021;94:451–3.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tabata D, Inoue R, Sasai Y, Morisaki Y. Synthesis of optically active V(120°)- and (60°)-shaped molecules comprising different π-electron systems. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 2022;95:595–601.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Asakawa R, Tabata D, Miki N, Tsuchiya M, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Syntheses of optically active V-shaped molecules: relationship between their Chiroptical Properties and the Orientation of the Stacked π-Electron System. Eur J Org Chem. 2021;2021:5725–31.Berova N, Nakanishi K, Woody RW. Circular Dichroism 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH: Toronto; 2000.Riehl JP, Richardson FS. Circularly polarized luminescence spectroscopy. Chem Rev. 1986;86:1–16.CAS 

Google Scholar 
Riehl JP, Muller F. Comprehensive Chiroptical Spectroscopy. Wiley and Sons: New York; 2012. More

Benton, T. G. & Bailey, R. The paradox of productivity: agricultural productivity promotes food system inefficiency. Glob. Sustain. 2, (2019).IPBES Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. Diaz, et al. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 56 p, (2019).Beckmann, M. et al. Conventional land-use intensification reduces species richness and increases production: a global meta-analysis. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25, 1941–1956 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jones, S. K. et al. Agrobiodiversity Index scores show agrobiodiversity is underutilized in national food systems. Nat. Food 2, 712–723 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Butler, S. J., Vickery, J. A. & Norris, K. Farmland biodiversity and the footprint of agriculture. Science 315, 381–384 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tscharntke, T. et al. Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes – eight hypotheses. Biol. Rev. 87, 661–685 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meyfroidt, P. et al. Ten facts about land systems for sustainability. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 119, e2109217118 (2022).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Diaz, S. et al. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science 366, eaax3100 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pilling, D., Bélanger, J. & Hoffmann, I. Declining biodiversity for food and agriculture needs urgent global action. Nat. Food 1, 144–147 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wanger, T. C. et al. Integrating agroecological production in a robust post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Nat. Ecol. Evol .4, 1150–1152 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Altieri, M. A. Agroecology: the science of natural resource management for poor farmers in marginal environments. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 93, 1–24 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
HLPE. Agroecological and Other Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems That Enhance Food Security and Nutrition, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2019).Barrios, E. et al. The 10 Elements of Agroecology: enabling transitions towards sustainable agriculture and food systems through visual narratives. Ecosyst. People 16, 230–247 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
FAO. Catalysing dialogue and cooperation to scale up agroecology: outcomes of the FAO regional seminars on agroecology. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, http://www.fao.org/3/I8992EN/i8992en.pdf (2018).Wezel, A. et al. Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 40, 40 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
FAO. Building a common vision for sustainable food and agriculture, Principles, and approaches. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, https://www.fao.org/3/i3940e/i3940e.pdf, (2014).Kleijn, D., Rundlof, M., Scheper, J., Smith, H. G. & Tscharntke, T. Does conservation on farmland contribute to halting the biodiversity decline? Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 474–481 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Seppelt, R. et al. Harmonizing biodiversity conservation and productivity in the context of increasing demands on landscapes. BioScience 66, 890–896 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tscharntke, T., Klein, A. M., Kruess, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Thies, C. Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity-ecosystem service management. Ecol Lett. 8, 857–874 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
EEA High nature value farmland Characteristics, trends, and policy challenges. EEA report No 1/2004, European Environment Agency, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 32 pp (2004).Ichikawa, K. & Toth, G. G. The Satoyama Landscape of Japan: The Future of an Indigenous Agricultural System in an Industrialized Society. In: Nair, P., Garrity, D. (eds) Agroforestry-The Future of Global Land Use. Advances in Agroforestry, 9. Springer, Dordrecht. 341–358. (2012).Navarro, L. M. & Pereira, H. M. Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe. Ecosystem 15, 900–912 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Willett, W. et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 393, 447–492 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Garibaldi, L. A. et al. Working landscapes need at least 20% native habitat. Conserv. Lett. 14, e12773 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tscharntke, T., Grass, I., Wanger, T. C., Westphal, C. & Batáry, P. Beyond organic farming–harnessing biodiversity-friendly landscapes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 919–930 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D. & Potts, S. G. Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 230–238 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Suding, K. N. & Hobbs, R. J. Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 271–279 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sietz, D., Fleskens, L. & Stringer, L. C. Learning from non-linear ecosystem dynamics is vital for achieving Land Degradation Neutrality. Land Degrad. Dev. 28, 2308–2314 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Van den Elsen, E. et al. Advances in understanding and managing catastrophic shifts in Mediterranean ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Evol. 8:561101, Section Conservation, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.561101. (2020).Brussaard, L. et al. Reconciling biodiversity conservation and food security: scientific challenges for a new agriculture. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2, 34–42 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tougiani, A., Guero, C. & Rinaudo, T. Community mobilisation for improved livelihoods through tree crop management in Niger. GeoJournal 74, 377 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Baumhardt, R. L. Dust Bowl Era. Encyclopedia of Water Science, pp. 187 – 191, New York, USA. (2003).Hein, L. et al. Progress in natural capital accounting for ecosystems. Science 367, 514–515 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
SER The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration, Society for Ecological Restoration International Science & Policy Working Group, www.ser.org & Tucson, Society for Ecological Restoration International (2004).Kremen, C., Iles, A. & Bacon, C. Diversified farming systems: an agroecological, systems-based alternative to modern industrial agriculture. Ecol. Soc. 17, 44 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Kleijn, D. et al. Ecological intensification: bridging the gap between science and practice. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 154–166 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lomba, A. et al. Back to the future: rethinking socioecological systems underlying high nature value farmlands. Front. Ecol. Environ. 18, 36–42 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pretty, J. et al. Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nat. Sustain. 1, 441–446 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Basso, B. & Antle, J. Digital agriculture to design sustainable agricultural systems. Nat. Sustain. 3, 254–256 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Teixeira, H. M. et al. Understanding farm diversity to promote agroecological transitions. Sustainability 10, 4337 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fraser, M. D., Moorby, J. M., Vale, J. E. & Evans, D. M. Mixed grazing systems benefit both upland biodiversity and livestock production. PLOS ONE 9, e89054 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Reganold, J. & Wachter, J. Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nat. Plants 2, 15221 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Niggli, U., Slabe, A., Schmid, O., Halberg, N. & Schlüter, M. Vision for an Organic Food and Farming Research Agenda 2025. Organic Knowledge for the Future. Technology Platform Organics. IFOAM Regional Group European Union (IFOAM EU Group), Brussels and International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR), Bonn, Germany (2008).Badgley, C. et al. Organic agriculture and the global food supply. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 22, 86–108 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Boddey, R. M., de Moraes, J. C., Alves, B. J. R. & Urquiaga, S. The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable agriculture in the tropics. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29, 787–799 (1997).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sharifi, O. et al. Barriers to conversion to organic farming: a case study in Babol County in Iran. Afr. J. Agr. Res. 5, 2260–2267 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Peetsmann, E. et al. Organic marketing in Estonia. Agron. Res. 7, 706–711 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Palsova, L., Schwarczova, L., Schwarcz, P. & Bandlerova, A. The support of implementation of organic farming in the Slovak Republic in the context of sustainable development. Procedia—Soc. Behav. Sci. 110, 520–529 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Konstantinidis, C. Capitalism in green disguise: the political economy of organic farming in the European Union. Rev. Radic. Polit. Econ. 50, 830–852 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ponisio, L. C. et al. Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap. Proc. R. Soc. B. 282, 20141396 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Willer, H., Trávníček, J., Meier, C. & Schlatter, B. (Eds.) The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2021. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick and IFOAM Organics International, Bonn, Germany (2021).Rosset, P. M., Sosa, B. M., Roque Jaime, A. M. & Ávila Lozano, D. A. The Campesino-to-Campesino agroecology movement of ANAP in Cuba: social process methodology in the construction of sustainable peasant agriculture and food sovereignty. J. Peasant Stud. 38, 161–191 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lechenet, M., Dessaint, F., Py, G., Makowski, D. & Munier-Jolain, N. Reducing pesticide use while preserving crop productivity and profitability on arable farms. Nat. Plants 3, 17008 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beillouin, D., Ben-Ari, T., Malézieux, E., Seufert, V. & Makowski, D. Positive but variable effects of crop diversification on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 4697–4710 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pywell, R. F. et al. Wildlife‐friendly farming increases crop yield: Evidence for ecological intensification. Proc. Royal Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20151740 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gurr, G. M. et al. Multi-country evidence that crop diversification promotes ecological intensification of agriculture. Nat. Plants 2, 16014 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Garnett, T. et al. Sustainable intensification in agriculture: Premises and policies. Science 341, 33–34 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Daum, T. Farm robots: ecological utopia or dystopia? Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 774–777 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Neethirajan, S. & Kemp, B. Digital Livestock Farming. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 32, 100408 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mota, J. F., Peñas, J., Castro, H., Cabelllo, J. & Guirado, J. S. Agricultural development vs. biodiversity conservation: The Mediterranean semiarid vegetation in El Ejido (Almería, Southeastern Spain). Biodivers. Conserv. 5, 1597–1616 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Giagnocavo, C. et al. Reconnecting farmers with nature through agroecological transitions: interacting niches and experimentation and the role of agricultural knowledge and innovation systems. Agriculture 12, 137 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shaffer, M. L. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience 31, 131–134 (1981).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shaffer, M. L. Minimum Viable Populations: coping with uncertainty. In: Soulé M. E., editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69-86. (1987).Sendzimir, J., Reij, C. P. & Magnuszewski, P. Rebuilding resilience in the Sahel: regreening in the Maradi and Zinder regions of Niger. Ecol. Soc. 16, 1 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Weston, P., Hong, R., Kaboré, C. & Kull, C. A. Farmer-managed natural regeneration enhances rural livelihoods in dryland west Africa. Environ. Manage. 55, 1402–1417 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
De Souza, H. N. et al. Protective shade, tree diversity and soil properties in coffee agroforestry systems in the Atlantic Rainforest biome. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 146, 179–196 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
WWF (2021) Plowprint report. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA.Senapathi, D. et al. Pollinator conservation—The difference between managing for pollination services and preserving pollinator diversity. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 12, 93–101 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sietz, D. & Feola, G. Resilience in the rural Andes: critical dynamics, constraints and emerging opportunities. Reg. Environ. Change 16, 2163–2169 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kleijn, D. et al. On the relationship between farmland biodiversity and land-use intensity in Europe. Proc. Biol. Sci. Royal Soc. 276, 903–909 (2009).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tittonell, P. Assessing resilience and adaptability in agroecological transitions. Agric Syst 184, 102862 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jia, G. et al. Land–climate interactions. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M., Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2019).Tittonell, P. et al. Ecological Intensification: Local Innovation to Address Global Challenges. In: Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26777-7_1. (2016).Beyer, R. M. et al. Relocating croplands could drastically reduce the environmental impacts of global food production. Commun. Earth Environ. 3, 49 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jeanneret, P. et al. An increase in food production in Europe could dramatically affect farmland biodiversity. Commun. Earth Environ. 2, 183 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tamburino, L., Bravo, G., Clough, Y. & Nicholas, K. A. From population to production: 50 years of scientific literature on how to feed the world. Glob. Food Secur. 24, 100346 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grassini, P., Eskridge, K. & Cassman, K. Distinguishing between yield advances and yield plateaus in historical crop production trends. Nat. Commun. 4, 2918 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
U. N. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations, New York (2015).EC Farm to Fork strategy for a fair, healthy, and environmentally-friendly food system, European Commission, Brussels, https://ec.europa.eu/food/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_de (2020).UNCBD First draft of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. CBD/WG2020/3/3, https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/abb5/591f/2e46096d3f0330b08ce87a45/wg2020-03-03-en.pdf (2021)Lacoste, M. et al. On-Farm Experimentation to transform global agriculture. Nat. Food 3, 11–18 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Runhaar, H. Governing the transformation towards ‘nature-inclusive’ agriculture: insights from the Netherlands. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 15, 340–349 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ferguson, R. S. & Lovell, S. T. Permaculture for agroecology: design, movement, practice, and worldview. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 34, 251–274 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Oberlack, C. et al. Archetype analysis in sustainability research: Meanings, motivations, and evidence-based policy making. Special feature: archetype analysis in sustainability research. Ecology and Society 24, 26 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sietz, D. et al. Archetype analysis in sustainability research: Methodological portfolio and analytical frontiers. Special Feature: Archetype Analysis in Sustainability Research. Ecol. Soc. 24, 34 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Piemontese, L. et al. Validity and validation in archetype analysis: Practical assessment framework and guidelines. Environ. Res. Lett. 17, 025010 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sietz, D. et al. Nested archetypes of vulnerability in African drylands: Where lies potential for sustainable agricultural intensification? Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 095006 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Alexandridis, N. et al. Archetype models upscale understanding of natural pest control response to land-use change. Ecological Applications. Accepted Author Manuscript e2696. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2696. (2022).Piñeiro, V. et al. A scoping review on incentives for adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and their outcomes. Nat. Sustain. 3, 809–820 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jack, B. K., Kousky, C. & Sims, K. R. E. Designing payments for ecosystem services: Lessons from previous experience with incentive-based mechanisms. Proc. Natl Acad Sci. 105, 9465–9470 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Futuyma, D. J. & Agrawal, A. A. Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 18054–18061 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Frago, E., Dicke, M. & Godfray, H. C. J. Insect symbionts as hidden players in insect–plant interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 705–711 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gurung, K., Wertheim, B. & Salles, J. F. The microbiome of pest insects: It is not just bacteria. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 167, 156–170 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Douglas, A. E. Multiorganismal insects: Diversity and function of resident microorganisms. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 60, 17–34 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Engel, P. & Moran, N. A. The gut microbiota of insects—diversity in structure and function. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37, 699–735 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Giron, D. et al. Chapter seven—influence of microbial symbionts on plant-insect interactions. In Advances in Botanical Research Vol. 81 (eds Sauvion, N. et al.) 225–257 (Academic Press, 2017).
Google Scholar 
Chen, B. et al. Biodiversity and activity of the gut microbiota across the life history of the insect herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Sci. Rep. 6, 29505 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vacher, C. et al. The phyllosphere: Microbial jungle at the plant–climate interface. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 47, 1–24 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Griffin, E. A. & Carson, W. P. Tree endophytes: cryptic drivers of tropical forest diversity. In Endophytes of Forest Trees: Biology and Applications (eds Pirttilä, A. M. & Frank, A. C.) 63–103 (Springer International Publishing, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_4.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Peñuelas, J., Rico, L., Ogaya, R., Jump, A. S. & Terradas, J. Summer season and long-term drought increase the richness of bacteria and fungi in the foliar phyllosphere of Quercus ilex in a mixed Mediterranean forest. Plant Biol. 14, 565–575 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Laforest-Lapointe, I., Paquette, A., Messier, C. & Kembel, S. W. Leaf bacterial diversity mediates plant diversity and ecosystem function relationships. Nature 546, 145–147 (2017).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kembel, S. W. et al. Relationships between phyllosphere bacterial communities and plant functional traits in a neotropical forest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 111, 13715–13720 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kembel, S. W. & Mueller, R. C. Plant traits and taxonomy drive host associations in tropical phyllosphere fungal communities. Botany 92, 303–311 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Faeth, S. H. & Hammon, K. E. Fungal endophytes in oak trees: Long-term patterns of abundance and associations with leafminers. Ecology 78, 810–819 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Broderick, N. A., Raffa, K. F., Goodman, R. M. & Handelsman, J. Census of the bacterial community of the gypsy moth larval midgut by using culturing and culture-independent methods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 293–300 (2004).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pinto-Tomás, A. A. et al. Comparison of midgut bacterial diversity in tropical caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) fed on different diets. Environ. Entomol. 40, 1111–1122 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ravenscraft, A., Berry, M., Hammer, T., Peay, K. & Boggs, C. Structure and function of the bacterial and fungal gut microbiota of Neotropical butterflies. Ecol. Monogr. 89, e01346 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hammer, T. J., Sanders, J. G. & Fierer, N. Not all animals need a microbiome. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 366, 117 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mason, C. J. et al. Diet influences proliferation and stability of gut bacterial populations in herbivorous lepidopteran larvae. PLoS ONE 15, e0229848 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Montagna, M. et al. Evidence of a bacterial core in the stored products pest Plodia interpunctella: The influence of different diets. Environ. Microbiol. 18, 4961–4973 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Phalnikar, K., Kunte, K. & Agashe, D. Disrupting butterfly caterpillar microbiomes does not impact their survival and development. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 286, 20192438 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Somerville, J., Zhou, L. & Raymond, B. Aseptic rearing and infection with gut bacteria improve the fitness of transgenic diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Insects 10, 89 (2019).PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
González-Serrano, F. et al. The gut microbiota composition of the moth brithys crini reflects insect metamorphosis. Microb. Ecol. 79, 960–970 (2020).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Goharrostami, M. & JalaliSendi, J. Investigation on endosymbionts of Mediterranean flour moth gut and studying their role in physiology and biology. J. Stored Prod. Res. 75, 10–17 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vilanova, C., Baixeras, J., Latorre, A. & Porcar, M. The generalist inside the specialist: Gut bacterial communities of two insect species feeding on toxic plants are dominated by Enterococcus sp. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1005 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Minard, G., Tikhonov, G., Ovaskainen, O. & Saastamoinen, M. The microbiome of the Melitaea cinxia butterfly shows marked variation but is only little explained by the traits of the butterfly or its host plant. Environ. Microbiol. 21, 4253–4269 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shapira, M. Gut microbiotas and host evolution: Scaling up symbiosis. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 539–549 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, B. et al. Gut bacterial and fungal communities of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) and wild mulberry-feeding relatives. ISME J. 12, 2252–2262 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mason, C. J. & Raffa, K. F. Acquisition and structuring of midgut bacterial communities in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) larvae. Environ. Entomol. 43, 595–604 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Paniagua Voirol, L. R., Frago, E., Kaltenpoth, M., Hilker, M. & Fatouros, N. E. Bacterial symbionts in Lepidoptera: Their diversity, transmission, and impact on the host. Front. Microbiol. 9, 556 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Laforest-Lapointe, I., Messier, C. & Kembel, S. W. Host species identity, site and time drive temperate tree phyllosphere bacterial community structure. Microbiome 4, 27 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Meyer, K. M. & Leveau, J. H. J. Microbiology of the phyllosphere: A playground for testing ecological concepts. Oecologia 168, 621–629 (2012).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gomes, T., Pereira, J. A., Benhadi, J., Lino-Neto, T. & Baptista, P. Endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungal communities are shaped by different environmental factors in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Microb. Ecol. 76, 668–679 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rastogi, G. et al. Leaf microbiota in an agroecosystem: Spatiotemporal variation in bacterial community composition on field-grown lettuce. ISME J. 6, 1812–1822 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Whitaker, M. R. L., Salzman, S., Sanders, J., Kaltenpoth, M. & Pierce, N. E. Microbial communities of lycaenid butterflies do not correlate with larval diet. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1920 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zheng, Y. et al. Midgut microbiota diversity of potato tuber moth associated with potato tissue consumed. BMC Microbiol. 20, 58 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Griffin, E. A., Harrison, J. G., McCormick, M. K., Burghardt, K. T. & Parker, J. D. Tree diversity reduces fungal endophyte richness and diversity in a large-scale temperate forest experiment. Diversity 11, 234 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kim, M. et al. Distinctive phyllosphere bacterial communities in tropical trees. Microb. Ecol. 63, 674–681 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hammer, T. J., Janzen, D. H., Hallwachs, W., Jaffe, S. P. & Fierer, N. Caterpillars lack a resident gut microbiome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114, 9641–9646 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Višňovská, D. et al. Caterpillar gut and host plant phylloplane mycobiomes differ: A new perspective on fungal involvement in insect guts. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 96, fiaa116 (2020).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Voříšková, J. & Baldrian, P. Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes. ISME J. 7, 477–486 (2013).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pochon, X., Zaiko, A., Fletcher, L. M., Laroche, O. & Wood, S. A. Wanted dead or alive? Using metabarcoding of environmental DNA and RNA to distinguish living assemblages for biosecurity applications. PLoS ONE 12, e0187636 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Schlechter, R. O., Miebach, M. & Remus-Emsermann, M. N. P. Driving factors of epiphytic bacterial communities: A review. J. Adv. Res. 19, 57–65 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Seabloom, E. W. et al. Effects of nutrient supply, herbivory, and host community on fungal endophyte diversity. Ecology 100, e02758 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Berlec, A. Novel techniques and findings in the study of plant microbiota: Search for plant probiotics. Plant Sci. 193–194, 96–102 (2012).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Unterseher, M., Reiher, A., Finstermeier, K., Otto, P. & Morawetz, W. Species richness and distribution patterns of leaf-inhabiting endophytic fungi in a temperate forest canopy. Mycol. Prog. 6, 201–212 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gilbert, G. S., Reynolds, D. R. & Bethancourt, A. The patchiness of epifoliar fungi in tropical forests: Host range, host abundance, and environment. Ecology 88, 575–581 (2007).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stone, B. W. G. & Jackson, C. R. Canopy position is a stronger determinant of bacterial community composition and diversity than environmental disturbance in the phyllosphere. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 95, fiz032 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Copeland, J. K., Yuan, L., Layeghifard, M., Wang, P. W. & Guttman, D. S. Seasonal community succession of the phyllosphere microbiome. Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact. 28, 274–285 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stone, B. W. G. & Jackson, C. R. Seasonal patterns contribute more towards phyllosphere bacterial community structure than short-term perturbations. Microb. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01564-z (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Truchado, P., Gil, M. I., Reboleiro, P., Rodelas, B. & Allende, A. Impact of solar radiation exposure on phyllosphere bacterial community of red-pigmented baby leaf lettuce. Food Microbiol. 66, 77–85 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, X. et al. Variability of gut microbiota across the life cycle of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Front. Microbiol. 11, 1366 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Toju, H. & Fukatsu, T. Diversity and infection prevalence of endosymbionts in natural populations of the chestnut weevil: Relevance of local climate and host plants. Mol. Ecol. 20, 853–868 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yun, J.-H. et al. Insect gut bacterial diversity determined by environmental habitat, diet, developmental stage, and phylogeny of host. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 5254–5264 (2014).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sánchez, N. E., Pereyra, P. C. & Luna, M. G. Spatial patterns of parasitism of the solitary parasitoid Pseudapanteles dignus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Environ. Entomol. 38, 365–374 (2009).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Santos, A. M. C. & Quicke, D. L. J. Large-scale diversity patterns of parasitoid insects. Entomol. Sci. 14, 371–382 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mereghetti, V., Chouaia, B. & Montagna, M. New insights into the microbiota of moth pests. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 2450 (2017).PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Floater, G. J. Estimating movement of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster zunifer Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) between discrete resource patches. Aust. J. Entomol. 35, 279–283 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Turčáni, M. & Patočka, J. Does intraguild predation of Cosmia trapezina L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) influence the abundance of other Lepidoptera forest pests?. J. For. Sci. 57, 472–482 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hikisz, J. & Soszynska-Maj, A. What moths fly in winter? The assemblage of moths active in a temperate deciduous forest during the cold season in Central Poland. J. Entomol. Res. Soc. 17, 59–71 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Bell, J. R., Bohan, D. A., Shaw, E. M. & Weyman, G. S. Ballooning dispersal using silk: World fauna, phylogenies, genetics and models. Bull. Entomol. Res. 95, 69–114 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Griffin, E. A. & Carson, W. P. The ecology and natural history of foliar bacteria with a focus on tropical forests and agroecosystems. Bot. Rev. 81, 105–149 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Qian, X. et al. Mainland and island populations of Mussaenda kwangtungensis differ in their phyllosphere fungal community composition and network structure. Sci. Rep. 10, 952 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Herren, C. M. & McMahon, K. D. Keystone taxa predict compositional change in microbial communities. Environ. Microbiol. 20, 2207–2217 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Humphrey, P. T. & Whiteman, N. K. Insect herbivory reshapes a native leaf microbiome. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 221–229 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Müller, T., Müller, M., Behrendt, U. & Stadler, B. Diversity of culturable phyllosphere bacteria on beech and oak: The effects of lepidopterous larvae. Microbiol. Res. 158, 291–297 (2003).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hrcek, J., Miller, S. E., Quicke, D. L. J. & Smith, M. A. Molecular detection of trophic links in a complex insect host-parasitoid food web. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 11, 786–794 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bateman, C., Šigut, M., Skelton, J., Smith, K. E. & Hulcr, J. Fungal associates of the Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are spatially segregated on the insect body. Environ. Entomol. 45, 883–890 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Toju, H., Tanabe, A. S., Yamamoto, S. & Sato, H. High-coverage ITS primers for the DNA-based identification of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes in environmental samples. PLoS ONE 7, e40863 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chelius, M. K. & Triplett, E. W. The diversity of archaea and bacteria in association with the roots of Zea mays L. Microb. Ecol. 41, 252–263 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Redford, A. J., Bowers, R. M., Knight, R., Linhart, Y. & Fierer, N. The ecology of the phyllosphere: Geographic and phylogenetic variability in the distribution of bacteria on tree leaves. Environ. Microbiol. 12, 2885–2893 (2010).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bolyen, E. et al. QIIME 2: Reproducible, Interactive, Scalable, and Extensible Microbiome Data Science https://peerj.com/preprints/27295 (2018) https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27295v2.Rivers, A. R., Weber, K. C., Gardner, T. G., Liu, S. & Armstrong, S. D. ITSxpress: Software to rapidly trim internally transcribed spacer sequences with quality scores for marker gene analysis. F1000Research 7, 1418 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods 13, 581–583 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bokulich, N. A. et al. Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2’s q2-feature-classifier plugin. Microbiome 6, 90 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Quast, C. et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D590–D596 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nilsson, R. H. et al. The UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi: Handling dark taxa and parallel taxonomic classifications. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D259–D264 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
UNITE Community. UNITE QIIME Release for Fungi 2. (2019).Davis, N. M., Proctor, D. M., Holmes, S. P., Relman, D. A. & Callahan, B. J. Simple statistical identification and removal of contaminant sequences in marker-gene and metagenomics data. Microbiome 6, 226 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).Ter Braak, C. J. F. ter & Smilauer, P. Canoco reference manual and user’s guide: software for ordination, version 5.0. (2012).Ondov, B. D., Bergman, N. H. & Phillippy, A. M. Interactive metagenomic visualization in a Web browser. BMC Bioinform. 12, 385 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chrostek, E., Pelz-Stelinski, K., Hurst, G. D. D. & Hughes, G. L. Horizontal transmission of intracellular insect symbionts via plants. Front. Microbiol. 8, 2237 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. An R Companion to Applied Regression (SAGE Publications, 2018).
Google Scholar 
Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. (2020).Anderson, M. J. Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics 62, 245–253 (2006).MathSciNet 
PubMed 
MATH 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Renkonen, O. Statistisch-ökologische Untersuchungen über die terrestrische Käferwelt der finnischen Bruchmoore. Ann. Zool. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. Vanamo 6, 1–231 (1938).
Google Scholar 
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Roberts, D. W. labdsv: Ordination and Multivariate Analysis for Ecology (2019).Cáceres, M. D. & Legendre, P. Associations between species and groups of sites: Indices and statistical inference. Ecology 90, 3566–3574 (2009).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dufrêne, M. & Legendre, P. Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol. Monogr. 67, 345–366 (1997).
Google Scholar 
Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol. 57, 289–300 (1995).MathSciNet 
MATH 

Google Scholar  More

Logan, C. A., Dunne, J. P., Ryan, J. S., Baskett, M. L. & Donner, S. D. Nat. Clim. Chang. 11, 537–542 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cook, C. N. & Sgrò, C. M. Conserv. Biol. 31, 501–512 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gonzalez, A., Ronce, O., Ferriere, R. & Hochberg, M. E. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 368, 1–8 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Kovach, R. P., Gharrett, A. J. & Tallmon, D. A. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 279, 3870–3878 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Bonnet, T. et al. Science 376, 1012–1016 (2022).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Norberg, J. et al. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2, 747–751 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Torda, G. et al. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7, 627–636 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Catullo, R. A., Llewelyn, J., Phillips, B. L. & Moritz, C. C. Curr. Biol. 29, R996–R1007 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Keppel, G. et al. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 21, 393–404 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vos, C. C. et al. J. Appl. Ecol. 45, 1722–1731 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Isaak, D. J. et al. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 2540–2553 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Beyer, H. L. et al. Conserv. Lett. 11, e12587 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tingley, M. W., Estes, L. D. & Wilcove, D. S. Nature 500, 271–272 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schindler, D. E., Armstrong, J. B. & Reed, T. E. Front. Ecol. Environ. 13, 257–263 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cornwell, B. et al. eLife 10, e64790 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
National Academies. of Sciences Engineering & Medicine. A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs. (The National Academies Press, 2019).Palumbi, S. R., Barshis, D. J., Traylor-Knowles, N. & Bay, R. A. Science 344, 895–898 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Matz, M. V., Treml, E. A. & Haller, B. C. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 3473–3481 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bay, R. A. & Palumbi, S. R. Curr. Biol. 24, 2952–2956 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Donovan, M. K. et al. Science 372, 977–980 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Anthony, K. et al. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1420–1422 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Morrison, T. H. et al. Nature 573, 333–336 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
van Oppen, M. J. H., Oliver, J. K., Putnam, H. M. & Gates, R. D. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 2307–2313 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
DeFilippo, L. B. et al. Ecol. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2650 (2022).Steneck, R. S. et al. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 265 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dixon, G. B. et al. Science 348, 1460–1462 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
McManus, L. C. et al. Glob. Change Biol. 27, 4307–4321 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kleypas, J. A. et al. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 3539–3549 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
McManus, L. C. et al. Ecology 102, e03381 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Walsworth, T. E. et al. Nat. Clim. Chang. 9, 632–636 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Urine spraying and scraping as potential scent-markingThe urine spraying and the scraping were reported in other felids6,20,21. In this study, only half of the other excretion instances were accompanied by sniffing, whereas almost all urine spraying and scraping events were accompanied by sniffing, indicating that these are scent-markings. The sniffing was also often observed immediately before urine spraying and scraping. Given the significant association of sniffing before excretion, especially with regard to the scraping, the presence or absence of a scent on the object was thought to be a trigger.Furthermore, during the scraping, liquid secretions thought to originate from the anal glands, were released. Domestic cats have scent glands in the anal sac22. The presence of secretions from the anal sac has also been confirmed in not only tigers, lions (Panthera leo), and bobcats (Lynx rufus), but also in cheetahs1,6,23; however, this study was the first to investigate their role in excretion. Generally, secretions are considered to be caused by health problems or estrus, but in this study, none of the individuals had health problems, and all secretions were observed only in males. Therefore, it was thought that the secretion was produced by the scent glands and contributed to a stronger smell than only urine and feces.Variations based on sexUrine spraying was observed only in adult males and females, and was more frequent in males, as reported in other felids4,5,6,9,24. In wild cheetahs, although urine spraying and scraping have been observed as scent-making, the frequency of scent-marking is known to be substantially higher in territorial than in non-territorial males and in females15,16,25, and the marking locations are concentrated in the core area of the male territories16. The territories of a single male cheetah or a male group are relatively small and exclusive, whereas the relatively large home ranges of non-territorial males (also known as “floaters”) overlap with each other and with those of females15,16. A male’s home range is also larger than that of a female15,16,26,27. Male cheetahs rarely encounter other males because they communicate via marking posts28. Given these reports, the frequent urine spraying by males may help prevent encounters between males. In addition, observations of captive cheetahs have shown a significantly positive correlation between urinary spraying frequency and fecal estradiol content in female cheetahs19. Therefore, as Cornhill and Kerley24 mentioned, female urine spraying is caused by estrus, and male urine spraying is intended as a home range marker for other males or as a sign for females.The action of scraping using the hind paws has been reported to occur in both males and females in servals, lions, tigers, black-footed cats, etc.2,5,6,7,29; however, this behavior was only observed in adult males in this study. Sunquist and Sunquist3 reported that female cheetahs also perform the scraping. In this study, we only recorded observations when the cheetahs were released in the outdoor enclosures, and not when they were in the indoor facilities. In 43.6% of the scraping events, the males excreted feces. During the observation period, the females defecated in the indoor facilities, and no defecation was observed in the outdoor enclosures. It is possible that no scraping action was observed among the females because defecation was not observed in the outdoor enclosure. In indoor facilities, the cheetahs were in a completely monopolized enclosure; hence, the females defecated in their own spaces. There was a difference in the defecation sites and frequency of scraping between the males and females; this was attributed to the sex difference in scent-marking.Differences in target height for each behaviorUrine spraying was frequently done on objects approximately 170 cm or higher, such as walls or fences, standing trees, and stumps, whereas scraping was observed on low-lying objects on the ground, such as a straw pile approximately 3 cm high and a fallen tree that was 10–50 cm high. In other words, the cheetah engaged in urine spraying and scraping depending on the object nearby. This might indicate the functional role of these behaviors. This is consistent with previous findings of urine spraying by tigers being more frequent in wooded forests than in grasslands, with few prominent objects, and scraping being more common in the latter6. In addition, in a study that investigated the place where the smell of the urine of domestic cats is likely to remain, the smell persisted for a long time on rough surfaces, areas covered with moss, and overhanging slopes30. Even for cheetahs living in the savanna woodlands, where there are comparatively fewer upright objects than in the habitat of felids living in the forest, increasing the chances of transmitting information via not only urine spraying but also by the scraping might be more important. On the other hand, in their natural habitat, there are some large carnivores like lions and leopards (Panthera pardus). Wild cheetahs tend not to visit the sites where such carnivores’ scent-mark is present31, suggesting that they might confine their marking to specific sites devoid of other carnivores’ scent. Further research is needed to determine how wild cheetahs use urine spraying and scraping. In this study, scraping was frequently observed even on tall stumps and rocks if they were within the cheetahs’ reach. Scraping by wild cheetahs has been also observed on trees32. Zoos other than Zoo C had few prominent horizontal objects. Therefore, the presence of straw piles, fallen trees, stumps, and rocks may have elicited the scraping.Differences in housing conditionsIn zoos C and D, where animals shared enclosures, the frequency of both urine spraying and scraping by males was higher than in the males in the monopolized enclosures. They possibly showed a more frequent scent-marking to strengthen their home range claims when sharing the exhibition space15. Regarding the scraping, Zoo C had at least four low and horizontal objects (straw piles, fallen tree, stones, and rocks), and scraping was frequently observed. As mentioned above, the placement of objects might have elicited the scraping.In this study, the frequency of urine spraying decreased when the submissive individual (Male 17) was released in the enclosure where the dominant individual (Male 13) was previously released. Among wild cheetahs, territorial males have been reported to mark their territories more often than non-territorial males17,25. Therefore, the difference in the number of markings is considered to be related to whether or not the target individual is within the territory, and it is highly possible that the dominant/submissive relationship between males at that location has an effect on marking.Function of scraping using hind pawsOther felid studies have reported scraping in tigers, pumas, jaguars, clouded leopards, and small felids6,10,20,21,32,33; however, there are fewer studies on different types of scraping. In certain species, such as jaguars and pumas, scraping using hind paws is more frequent than urine spraying33. From this study, the use of secretions was confirmed in the scraping, and it was considered to be a significant marking of the cheetah.The possible functions of scraping include: (1) dispersing the smell of excrement, (2) placing the smell of excrement on the hindlegs, (3) smearing the objects with excrement, and (4) adding the scent of the hind paws. Domestic cats are known to cover their feces with soil34; however, in this study, the cheetahs did not cover the feces with soil and were not observed to scrap only after excretion. Therefore, scraping using hind paws was not meant for concealing urine and/or feces. The results of this study suggest that the scrapings were mostly performed during and after excretion for any of the aforementioned functions. However, 43.2% of the observed scraping events were performed before excretion, and in these cases, the functions 1–3 did not apply, since we did not observe the feces being crushed by scraping the hind paws. As for function 4, domestic cats have sweat glands on the soles of their feet that are thought to retain their smell35. Therefore, the sweat glands on the soles of the feet of the cheetahs possible retain the smell of the hind paws as well. Schaller36 reported that among tigers, scraping on the grassland was exhibited by scratches in the grass and exposure of the ground, creating a visual effect. In the case of cheetahs, scraping may have the function of creating grooves and ridges on the ground to enhance the visual effect; however, the formation of grooves and ridges were not observed in this study. In certain cases, they scraped against trees and stones. Because trees and stones are not easily deformed, it is hard to say whether the visual effect was enhanced by scraping with their hind paws.Scraping has been reported in other felids; however, the movement of the hindlimbs is not uniform. For example, in the case of bobcats, behaviors such as kicking back on the ground with no surrounding objects and scattering of soil have been observed during scrapings20. The snow leopard slowly moves its hindlimbs on the ground near the rocks, exposing the ground; in fact, Schaller29 observed a tiger scraping its hind paws to create a pile of soil [37; Kinoshita, personal communication: Online Resource 3; Scraping of snow leopard]. The movement of urine spraying also varies among species. For example, bobcats sometimes squat and urinate on the ground20, and snow leopards rub their cheeks against the target object and then spray urine9, but cheetahs do not rub their face before urine spraying. Hence, even in the same behavior of “spraying/scraping,” the actions differ. Because felids are widely distributed in various environments, such differences in movements are possibly related to differences in habitat and behavioral functions.In conclusion, urine spraying and scraping using hind paws were considered scent-markings because they were more strongly associated with sniffing than other excretion. Both behaviors were also observed only in adults; however, urine spraying was confirmed in both sexes and was more frequent in males than in females, whereas scraping was observed only in males. Also, the frequencies of both behaviors were significantly higher in males kept in shared enclosures containing other individuals than in males kept in monopolized enclosures, while there was no difference in the frequencies among females. Hence, there were sex differences in these scent-markings possibly because of the difference in the sociality between the sexes even in captivity; the frequency of scent-markings was affected by the living environment including the number of target objects; urine spraying was frequently done on tall objects such as walls or fences, whereas scraping was more commonly done on low-lying objects near the ground, such as straw piles. To our knowledge, this study is the first to confirm that during the scraping a liquid other than feces and urine was secreted, presumably from the anal glands. Taken together, the results can serve to enhance our knowledge regarding the behavior of cheetahs, help improve management of these animals in captivity as well as breeding and animal welfare ex situ conservation, and help elucidate the kind of habitat that should be preserved for the in situ conservation of cheetahs. More

Plants increase their freezing resistance upon exposure to low temperatureThe freezing resistance (LT50 values) was found to vary ranging from − 6.9 °C (14-August-2017) to − 31.7 °C (04-November-2018) over the course of study period. The freezing resistance of leaves recorded during the 12 sampling time-points has been provided in Table 1 (also see39). The overlap of confidence intervals around the mean was examined for comparison of LT50 values for the different sampling time-points. Significant differences in freezing resistance were observed across the sampling time-points (Table 1). Leaves of R. anthopogon collected during summer [July and August (Air temperature and photoperiod was about 9.6 °C and 13 h day−1 respectively)] showed marginal resistance to freezing (LT50: − 7 °C) and thus, are more susceptible to freezing damage. Further, as the ambient air temperature and photoperiod decreased towards the end of growing season (i.e., October and November 2017 with air temperature and photoperiod of about − 1.1 °C and 10.5 h day−1 respectively), the plants acquired the highest freezing resistance (LT50: − 30 °C). Interestingly, a sharp increase in freezing resistance (− 29.4 °C) was observed in September 2018, when the daily mean air temperature decreased below 0 °C due to sudden snowfall (Supplementary Fig. S2). Comparison of LT50 values of all the leaf samples of R. anthopogon showed that cold de-acclimation occurred after the snowmelt during early spring in June (LT50: − 13.4 °C) with an increase in air temperature and photoperiod. These results demonstrated that R. anthopogon plants exhibit lowered freezing resistance during the warmer months [hence, these time-periods were referred as non-acclimation (NA)], progressively develop greater freezing resistance during the onset of winter season (hence, referred as cold acclimation) followed by an intermediate level of freezing resistance during the spring [hence, these time-periods were referred as de-acclimation (DA)].Table 1 The estimates of LT50, calculated by fitting sigmoidal curve to electrolyte leakage values of temperature treatments, recorded for leaves collected during the different sampling time-points (from August 22, 2017 to September 18, 2018).Full size tableDuring the acclimation period (i.e., late in the growing season), plants acquired the highest resistance to freezing (Fig. 1). The low electrolyte leakage (= high freezing resistance) observed during this period might be due to changes in cell wall properties (such as increase in lignification and suberization of cell walls), which provide resistance to diffusion of electrolytes from cells of the leaves to the extracellular water47. Moreover, high freezing resistance may also be attributed to high leaf toughness and sclerophyllous habit of this evergreen species48. Further, it was found that freezing resistance was the lowest during mid-summer period. This pattern could be explained by a trade-of between plant growth rates and freezing resistance, where warmer temperatures favour plant allocation to growth49. These observations corroborated well with earlier reports that showed a rapid increase in ‘freezing resistance’ during the transition from summer to early winter and vice versa50.Figure 1LT50 [black point (with solid fill) on the curve] calculated by fitting sigmoidal curve to relative electrolyte leakage (REL %) values recorded during the three different acclimation phases. GOF indicates ‘goodness of fit’ test values for the fitted sigmoidal curves.Full size imagePhotosynthetic rates are higher during non-acclimation and de-acclimation periodIt was found that PN of R. anthopogon varied in the range from 8.336 to 17.64 μmol(CO2)m−2 s−1 and E from 2.281 to 4.912 mol(H2O)m−2 s−1, throughout its growing season. The Gs of leaves was estimated to be in the range from 0.110 to 0.265 mol (H2O) m−2 s−1. WUE, a ratio of PN and E, varied between 52.21 and 87.68 (Table 2). The gas exchange parameters of R. anthopogon varied significantly among the sampling time-points [referred to here as different acclimation phases of the growing period of evergreen shrub (Fig. 2, Table 3)]. In particular, PN was significantly lower on 18-September-2018 (referred as cold acclimation phase), whereas it was higher on 31-August-2018 and 15-June-2018 (referred as NA and DA phases, respectively). Similarly, Gs of leaves was significantly lower during cold acclimation in comparison to the rest of the acclimation phases (i.e., NA and DA). Further, WUE was significantly higher during cold acclimation, while it was lower during both NA and DA (p ≤ 0.05) (Fig. 2).Table 2 Variability in leaf gas exchange parameters of R. anthopogon during the different acclimation phases (NA = Non-acclimation, LA = Late cold acclimation and DA = De-acclimation).Full size tableFigure 2Variability in leaf gas exchange parameters of R. anthopogon during the three acclimation phases [i.e., Non-acclimation (31 August, 2018), Cold acclimation (18 September, 2018) and De-acclimation (15 June, 2018)]. Different alphabets (a, b, c) represent statistically significant values (p  More

Costanza, R. et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Glob. Environ. Change 26, 152–158 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mittermeier, R. A. et al. Wilderness and biodiversity conservation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10309–10313 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dirzo, R. & Raven, P. H. Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annu. Rev. Env. Resour. 28, 137–167 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marengo, J. A. et al. Changes in climate and land use over the amazon region: current and future variability and trends. Front. Earth Sci. 6, 1–21 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Anderson-Teixeira, K. J. et al. Climate-regulation services of natural and agricultural ecoregions of the Americas. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 177–181 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marengo, J. A. et al. The drought of Amazonia in 2005. J. Clim. 21, 495–516 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lewis, S. L., Brando, P. M., Phillips, O. L., Van Der Heijden, G. M. F. & Nepstad, D. The 2010 Amazon drought. Science 331, 554 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C. et al. Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Niño 2015–2016. Sci. Rep. 6, 33130 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Phillips, O. L. et al. Drought sensitivity of the amazon rainforest. Science 323, 1344–1347 (2009).Koren, G. et al. Widespread reduction in sun-induced fluorescence from the Amazon during the 2015/2016 El Niño. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci 373, 20170408 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Feldpausch, T. R. et al. Amazon forest response to repeated droughts. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 964–982 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sousa, T. R. et al. Palms and trees resist extreme drought in Amazon forests with shallow water tables. J. Ecol. 108, 2070–2082 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Barros, F. et al. Hydraulic traits explain differential responses of Amazonian forests to the 2015 El Niño-induced drought. New Phytol. 223, 1253–1266 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Magney, T. S. et al. Mechanistic evidence for tracking the seasonality of photosynthesis with solar-induced fluorescence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900278116 (2019).Ciemer, C. et al. Higher resilience to climatic disturbances in tropical vegetation exposed to more variable rainfall. Nat. Geosci. 12, 174–179 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gloor, E. et al. Tropical land carbon cycle responses to 2015/16 El Niño as recorded by atmospheric greenhouse gas and remote sensing data. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 20170302 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., Sobrino, J. A., Mattar, C. & Malhi, Y. Spatial and temporal patterns of the recent warming of the Amazon forest. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118, 5204–5215 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Choat, B. et al. Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature 491, 752–755 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Esquivel-Muelbert, A. et al. Seasonal drought limits tree species across the Neotropics. Ecography 60, 12 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Fisher, R. A., Williams, M., de Lourdes Ruivo, M., de Costa, A. L. & Meir, P. Evaluating climatic and soil water controls on evapotranspiration at two Amazonian rainforest sites. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148, 850–861 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marthews, T. R. et al. High-resolution hydraulic parameter maps for surface soils in tropical South America. Geosci. Model Dev. 7, 711–723 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Esteban, E. J. L., Castilho, C. V., Melgaço, K. L. & Costa, F. R. C. The other side of droughts: wet extremes and topography as buffers of negative drought effects in an Amazonian forest. New. Phytol. 229, 1995–2006 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Castro, A. O. et al. OCO-2 solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence variability across ecoregions of the amazon basin and the extreme drought effects of El Niño (2015–2016). Remote Sens. 12, 1202 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sullivan, M. J. P. et al. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests. Science 368, 869–874 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sombroek, W. Spatial and temporal patterns of amazon rainfall. Ambio 30, 388–396 (2001).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Quesada, C. A. et al. Basin-wide variations in Amazon forest structure and function are mediated by both soils and climate. Biogeosciences 9, 2203–2246 (2012).Fan, Y., Li, H. & Miguez-Macho, G. Global patterns of groundwater table depth. Science 339, 940–943 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Joetzjer, E., Douville, H., Delire, C. & Ciais, P. Present-day and future Amazonian precipitation in global climate models: CMIP5 versus CMIP3. Clim. Dyn. 41, 2921–2936 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schietti, J. et al. Vertical distance from drainage drives floristic composition changes in an Amazonian rainforest. Plant. Ecol. Divers. 7, 241–253 (2014).Oliveira, R. S. et al. Embolism resistance drives the distribution of Amazonian rainforest tree species along hydro‐topographic gradients. New Phytol. 221, 1457–1465 (2018).Fyllas, N. M. et al. Basin-wide variations in foliar properties of Amazonian forest: phylogeny, soils and climate. Biogeosciences 6, 2677–2708 (2009).Sterck, F., Markesteijn, L., Schieving, F. & Poorter, L. Functional traits determine trade-offs and niches in a tropical forest community. PNAS 108, 20627–20632 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Oliveira, R. S. et al. Linking plant hydraulics and the fast–slow continuum to understand resilience to drought in tropical ecosystems. New Phytol. 230, 904–923 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guillemot, J. et al. Small and slow is safe: On the drought tolerance of tropical tree species. Glob. Chang. Biol. 28, 2622–2638 (2022).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
DeSoto, L. et al. Low growth resilience to drought is related to future mortality risk in trees. Nat. Commun. 11, 545 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rowland, L. et al. Death from drought in tropical forests is triggered by hydraulics not carbon starvation. Nature 528, 119–122 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
de Almeida Castanho, A. D. et al. Changing Amazon biomass and the role of atmospheric CO2 concentration, climate, and land use. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 18–39 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Friedlingstein, P. et al. Global carbon budget 2020. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 3269–3340 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sitch, S. et al. Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Glob. Chang. Biol. 9, 161–185 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lathière, J. et al. Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 2129–2146 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Galbraith, D. et al. Multiple mechanisms of Amazonian forest biomass losses in three dynamic global vegetation models under climate change. New Phytol. 187, 647–65 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Johnson, M. O. et al. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22, 3996–4013 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Thonicke, K. et al. Simulating functional diversity of European natural forests along climatic gradients. J. Biogeogr. 47, 1069–1085 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Feldpausch, T. R. et al. Height-diameter allometry of tropical forest trees. Biogeosciences 8, 1081–1106 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Feldpausch, T. R. et al. Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates. Biogeosciences 9, 3381–3403 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Potapov, P. et al. The last frontiers of wilderness: tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013. Sci. Adv. 3, 1–14 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. BioScience 51, 933–938 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Running, Steve, Mu, Qiaozhen & Zhao, Maosheng. MOD16A2 MODIS/Terra net evapotranspiration 8-day L4 global 500m. https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD16A2.006 (2017).van Schaik, E. et al. Improved SIFTER v2 algorithm for long-term GOME-2A satellite retrievals of fluorescence with a correction for instrument degradation. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-384 (2020).Kooreman, M. L. et al. GOME-2A SIFTER v2 (2007-2018) [Data set]. SIFTER sun-induced vegetation fluorescence data from GOME-2A (Version 2.0) [Data set]. Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). https://doi.org/10.21944/gome2a-sifter-v2-sun-induced-fluorescence.Hoese, D. et al. pytroll/pyresample: Version 1.23.0. Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6375741 (2022).Kooreman, M., Tuinder, O., Boersma, K. F. & van Schaik, E. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for the GOME-2 NRT, Offline and Data Record Sun-Induced Fluorescence Products. (2019).Wigneron, J.-P. et al. Tropical forests did not recover from the strong 2015–2016 El Niño event. Sci. Adv. 6, eaay4603 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gatti, L. V. et al. Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements. Nature 506, 76–80 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Doughty, R. et al. TROPOMI reveals dry-season increase of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in the Amazon forest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116, 22393–22398 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Porcar-Castell, A. et al. Chlorophyll a fluorescence illuminates a path connecting plant molecular biology to Earth-system science. Nat. Plants 7, 998–1009 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sun, Y. et al. OCO-2 advances photosynthesis observation from space via solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. Science 358, eaam5747 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wood, J. D. et al. Multiscale analyses of solar-induced florescence and gross primary production. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 533–541 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Verma, M. et al. Effect of environmental conditions on the relationship between solar-induced fluorescence and gross primary productivity at an OzFlux grassland site. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 122, 716–733 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Parazoo, N. C. et al. Terrestrial gross primary production inferred from satellite fluorescence and vegetation models. Glob. Chang Biol. 20, 3103–3121 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). ERA5: Fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate. https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/home (2017).Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) – TRMM (TMPA/3B43) Rainfall Estimate L3 1 month 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V7. https://doi.org/10.5067/TRMM/TMPA/MONTH/7 (2011).Aragão, L. E. O. C. et al. Spatial patterns and fire response of recent Amazonian droughts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (2007).Paca, V. H. et al. The spatial variability of actual evapotranspiration across the Amazon River Basin based on remote sensing products validated with flux towers. Ecol. Process. 8, 6 (2019).Phillips, O. L. et al. Drought–mortality relationships for tropical forests. New Phytol. 187, 631–646 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Maeda, E. E. et al. Evapotranspiration seasonality across the Amazon Basin. Earth Syst. Dyn. 8, 439–454 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hengl, T. et al. SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLoS One 12, e0169748 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Costa, F. R. C., Schietti, J., Stark, S. C. & Smith, M. N. The other side of tropical forest drought: do shallow water table regions of Amazonia act as large-scale hydrological refugia from drought? New Phytol. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.17914 .Walsh, R. P. D. & Lawler, D. M. Rainfall seasonality: description, spatial patterns and change through time. Weather 36, 201–208 (1981).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gorelick, N. et al. Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sens. Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031 (2017).Heinze, G., Wallisch, C. & Dunkler, D. Variable selection – a review and recommendations for the practicing statistician. Biom. J. 60, 431–449 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer-Verlag New York, 2016).QGIS.org. QGIS Geographic Information System (QGIS Association, 2022).Fancourt, M. Repository for Code, Data and Figures. https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/514231211 (2022). More

Pushkin, V. I., Nehkorosheva, L. V., Kopaevich, G. V. & Yaroshinskaya, A. M. Přídolian Bryozoa of the USSR 1–125 (Nauka, 1990) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
Kopaevich, G. V. Silurian Bryozoa of Estonia and Podolia (Cryptostomata and Rhabdomesonata). Trudy Paleontol. Inst Akad. Nauk SSSR 151, 5–153 (1975) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
Tuckey, M. E. Biogeography of Ordovician bryozoans. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 77, 91–126 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
McCoy, V. E. & Anstey, R. L. Biogeographic associations of Silurian bryozoan genera in North America, Baltica and Siberia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 297, 420–427 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bassler, R. S. The early Paleozoic Bryozoa of the Baltic provinces. Bull. U. S. Natl. Museum 77, 1–382 (1911).
Google Scholar 
Vinn, O. & Wilson, M. A. Symbiotic interactions in the Silurian of Baltica. Lethaia 49, 413–420 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vinn, O. Symbiotic interactions in the Silurian of North America. Hist. Biol. 29, 341–347 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vinn, O., Ernst, A., Wilson, M. A. & Toom, U. Symbiosis of cornulitids with the cystoporate bryozoan Fistulipora in the Přídolí of Saaremaa, Estonia. Lethaia 54, 90–95 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vinn, O., Ernst, A., Wilson, M. A. & Toom, U. Intergrowth of bryozoans with other invertebrates in the late Přídolí of Saaremaa, Estonia. Ann. Soc. Geol. Poloniae 91, 101–111 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Jackson, J. B. C. & Buss, L. Allelopathy and spatial competition among coral reef invertebrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 5160–5163 (1975).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Osman, R. W. & Haugsness, J. A. Mutualism among sessile invertebrates: A mediator of competition and predation. Science 211(4484), 846–848 (1981).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pawlik, J. R. Marine invertebrate chemical defenses. Chem. Rev. 93, 1911–1922 (1993).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Figuerola, B., Núñez-Pons, L., Moles, J. & Avila, C. Feeding repellence in Antarctic bryozoans. Naturwissenschaften 100, 1069–1081 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Puce, S., Bavestrello, G., Di Camillo, C. G. & Boero, F. Symbiotic relationships between hydroids and bryozoans. Symbiosis 44, 137–143 (2007).
Google Scholar 
López-Gappa, J. & Liuzzi, M. G. An unusual symbiotic relationship between a cyclostome bryozoan and a thecate hydroid. Symbiosis 85, 217–223 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
McKinney, F. K., Broadhead, T. W. & Gibson, M. A. Coral-bryozoan mutualism: Structural innovation and greater resource exploitation. Science 248(4954), 466–468 (1990).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
McKinney, F. K. Bryozoan-hydroid symbiosis and a new ichnogenus, Caupokeras. Ichnos 16, 193–201 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Suárez-Andrés, J. L., Sendino, C. & Wilson, M. A. Life in a living substrate: Modular endosymbionts of bryozoan hosts from the Devonian of Spain. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 559, 109897 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Okamura, B. The influence of neighbors on the feeding of an epifaunal bryozoan. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 120, 105–123 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sendino, C., Suárez-Andrés, J. L. S. & Wilson, M. A. A rugose coral–bryozoan association from the Lower Devonian of NW Spain. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 530, 271–280 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Suárez-Andrés, J., Sendino, C. & Wilson, M. A. Caupokeras badalloi, a new ichnospecies of impedichnia from the Lower Devonian of Spain. Palaeoecological significance. Hist. Biol. 34, 62–66 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vinn, O., Ernst, A., Wilson, M. A. & Toom, U. Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 518, 89–96 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Melchin, M. J., Cooper, R. A. & Sadler, P. M. The Silurian period. In A Geologic Time Scale 2004 (eds Gradstein, F. M. et al.) 188–201 (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Google Scholar 
Torsvik, T. H. & Cocks, L. R. M. New global palaeogeographical reconstructions for the Early Palaeozoic and their generation. Geol. Soc. Lond. Memoirs 38, 5–24 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hints, O. The Silurian system in Estonia. in The Seventh Baltic Stratigraphical Conference. Abstracts and Field Guide (Hints, O. Ainsaar, L. Männik, P. & Meidla, T. eds.). 1–46. (Geological Society of Estonia, 2008).Nestor, H. & Einasto, R. Facies-sedimentary model of the Silurian Paleobaltic pericontinental basin. in (Kaljo, D. ed.) Facies and Fauna of the Baltic Silurian. 89–121 (Academy of Sciences of the Estonian S. S. R. Institute of Geology, 1977) (in Russian, English summary).Nestor, H. & Einasto, R. Ordovician and Silurian carbonate sedimentation basin. In Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia (eds Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A.) 192–205 (Estonian Academy Publishers, 1997).
Google Scholar 
Nestor, H. Locality 7: 4 Ohesaare cliff. in Field Meeting, Estonia 1990. An Excursion Guidebook (Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H. eds.). 175–178. (Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, 1990).Klaamann, E. R. Tabulate corals of the Upper Silurian of Estonia. Trudy Inst. Gieol. AN Estonskoi SSR 9, 25–74 (1962) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
Hill, D. Tabulata. in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterate, Supplement 1, Rugosa and Tabulata (Teichert, C. ed.). F430–F762 (The Geological Society of America, Inc./The University of Kansas, 1981).Zapalski, M. K. Tabulate corals from the Givetian and Frasnian of the southern region of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 87, 1–100 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Stasińska, A. Colony structure and systematic assignment of Cladochonus tenuicollis McCoy, 1847 (Hydroidea). Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 27, 59–64 (1982).
Google Scholar 
Król, J., Zapalski, M. K. & Berkowski, B. Emsian tabulate corals of Hamar Laghdad (Morocco): Taxonomy and ecological interpretation. Neues Jahrbuch Geol. Palaontol.-Abhandlungen 290, 75–102 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Coronado, I. Biomineral analysis of the enigmatic fossil Cladochonus Mccoy, 1847: A representative of calcifiying hydrozoa? In New Perspectives on the Evolution of Phanerozoic Biotas and Ecosystems (Manzanares, E. et al. eds.). Vol. 24.Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. An Introduction to Hydrozoa (ResearchGate, 2006).
Google Scholar 
Tassia, M. G. et al. The global diversity of Hemichordata. PLoS ONE 11(10), e0162564 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zapalski, M. K. & Clarkson, E. N. Enigmatic fossils from the Lower Carboniferous shrimp bed, Granton, Scotland. PLoS ONE 10(12), e0144220 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sato, A. Seasonal reproductive activity in the pterobranch hemichordate Rhabdopleura compacta. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 88, 1033–1041 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Underwood, C. J. Graptolite preservation and deformation. Palaios 7, 178–186 (1992).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Maletz, J. Hemichordata (Enteropneusta & Pterobranchia, incl. Graptolithina): A review of their fossil preservation as organic material. Bull. Geosci. 95(1), 41–80 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tapanila, L. Direct evidence of ancient symbiosis using trace fossils. Paleontol. Soc. Pap. 14, 271–287 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zapalski, M. K. Is absence of proof a proof of absence? Comments on commensalism. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 302, 484–488 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mathis, K. A. & Bronstein, J. L. Our current understanding of commensalism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 51, 167–189 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zapalski, M. K., Berkowski, B. & Klug, C. Subepidermal Emsian” auloporids” on crinoids from Hamar Laghdad (Anti-Atlas, Morocco). N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. 290, 103–110 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Winston, J. E. Feeding in marine bryozoans. In Biology of Bryozoans (eds Wollacott, W. S. & Zimmer, R. L.) 233–271 (Academic Press, 1977).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Okamura, B. & Partridge, J. C. Suspension feeding adaptations to extreme flow environments in a marine bryozoan. Biol. Bull. 196, 205–215 (1999).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ernst, A. Fossil Record and Evolution of Bryozoa. Handbook of Zoology. Bryozoa 11–55 (De Gruyter, 2020).
Google Scholar 
Riisgård, H. U. & Manríquez, P. Filter-feeding in fifteen marine ectoprocts (Bryozoa): Particle capture and water pumping. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 154, 223–239 (1997).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Boero, F. & Hewitt, C. L. A hydrozoan, Zanclella bryozoophila n. gen, n.sp. (Zancleidae) symbiotic with a bryozoan, and a discussion of the Zancleidae. Can. J. Zool. 70, 1645–1651 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
Piraino, S., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. Halocoryne epizoica (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), a hydroid that “bites”. Sci. Mar. 56(2), 141–147 (1992).
Google Scholar 
Maggioni, D. et al. Evolution and biogeography of the Zanclea-Scleractinia symbiosis. Coral Reefs 12, 1–17 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Taylor, P. D. Competition between encrusters on marine hard substrates and its fossil record. Palaeontology 59, 481–497 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Taylor, P. D. & Wilson, M. A. Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities. Earth Sci. Rev. 62, 1–103 (2003).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gordon, D. P. Biological relationships of an intertidal bryozoan population. J. Nat. Hist. 6, 503–514 (1972).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jackson, J. B. C. & Winston, J. E. Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities. I. Distribution and abundance of major groups of encrusting organisms. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 57, 135–147 (1982).Article 

Google Scholar 
McKinney, F. K. & Jackson, J. B. C. Bryozoan Evolution 238 (Unwin Hyman, 1989).
Google Scholar 
Wicander, R. & Playford, G. Acritarchs and prasinophytes from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Ross Formation, Tennessee, USA: Stratigraphic and paleogeographic distribution. Palynology 46(2), 1–50 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ristedt, H. & Schuhmacher, H. The bryozoan Rhynchozoon larreyi (Audouin, 1826)—A successful competitor in coral reef communities of the Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. 6, 167–179 (1985).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Puce, S., Cerrano, C., Di Camillo, C. & Bavestrello, G. Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) symbiotic radiation. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 88(8), 1715–1721 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Winston, J. E. & Migotto, A. E. Behavior. In Phylum Bryozoa (ed. Schwaha, T.) 143–187 (De Gruyter, 2020).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Cadée, G. C. & McKinney, F. K. A coral-bryozoan association from the Neogene of northwestern Europe. Lethaia 27, 59–66 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jackson, P. N. W. & Key, M. M. Jr. Borings in trepostome bryozoans from the Ordovician of Estonia: Two ichnogenera produced by a single maker, a case of host morphology control. Lethaia 40, 237–252 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jackson, P. N. W. & Key, M. M. Epizoan and endoskeletozoan distribution across reassembled ramose stenolaemate bryozoan zoaria from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch region, USA. Aust. Palaeontol. Memoirs 52, 169–178 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Ma, J., Taylor, P. D. & Buttler, C. J. Sclerobionts associated with Orbiramus from the Early Ordovician of Hubei, China, the oldest known trepostome bryozoan. Lethaia 54, 443–456 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Bambach, R. K., Bush, A. M. & Erwin, D. H. Autecology and the filling of ecospace: Key metazoan radiations. Palaeontology 50, 1–22 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vinn, O., Ernst, A. & Toom, U. Symbiosis of cornulitids and bryozoans in the Late Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica). Palaios 33, 290–295 (2018).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Palmer, T. J. & Wilson, M. A. Parasitism of Ordovician bryozoans and the origin of pseudoborings. Palaeontology 31, 939–949 (1988).
Google Scholar 
Ernst, A. Trepostome and cryptostome bryozoans from the Koněprusy Limestone (Lower Devonia, Pragian) of Zlatý Kůň (Czech republic). Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr. 114(3), 329–348 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Morozova, I. P. Devonskie mshanki Minusinskikh i Kuznetskoy kotlovin. Trudy Paleontol. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 86, 1–207 (1961) (in Russian).
Google Scholar  More