Ecology

1.Liu, J. et al. Research progress in Sapindus L. germplasm resources. World For. Res. 30, 15–21 (2017).
Google Scholar 
2.Sun, C., Jia, L., Xi, B., Wang, L. & Weng, X. Natural variation in fatty acid composition of Sapindus spp. seed oils. Ind. Crops Prod. 102, 97–104 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Liu, J. et al. Variation in fruit and seed properties and comprehensive assessment of germplasm resources of the genus Sapindus. Sci. Silva Sin. 55, 44–54 (2019).
Google Scholar 
4.Xu, Y., Jia, L., Chen, Z. & Gao, Y. Advances on triterpenoid Saponin of Sapindus mukorossi. Chem. Bull. 081, 1078–1088 (2018).CAS 

Google Scholar 
5.Basu, A., Basu, S., Bandyopadhyay, S. & Chowdhury, R. Optimization of evaporative extraction of natural emulsifier cum surfactant from Sapindus mukorossi: Characterization and cost analysis. Ind. Crops Prod. 77, 920–931 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Mukhopadhyay, S., Hashim, M. A., Sahu, J. N., Yusoff, I. & Gupta, B. S. Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences 25 (2013).7.Mukhopadhyay, S. et al. Ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents as novel soil washing agent for lead removal. Chem. Eng. J. 294, 316–322 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Mukherjee, S. et al. Optimization of pulp fibre removal by flotation using colloidal gas aphrons generated from a natural surfactant. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 53, 15–21 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Shinobu-Mesquita, C. et al. Cellular structural changes in candida albicans caused by the hydroalcoholic extract from Sapindus saponaria L. Molecules 20, 9405–9418 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Smułek, W. et al. Sapindus saponins’ impact on hydrocarbon biodegradation by bacteria strains after short- and long-term contact with pollutant. Colloids Surf. B 142, 207–213 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
11.Rodríguez-Hernández, D. et al. Highly potent anti-leishmanial derivatives of hederagenin, a triperpenoid from Sapindus saponaria L. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 124, 153–159 (2016).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
12.Rodriguez-Hernández, D., Demuner, A. J., Barbosa, L. C. A., Csuk, R. & Heller, L. Hederagenin as a triterpene template for the development of new antitumor compounds. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 105, 57–62 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
13.Singh, P. T. D. & Singh, M. M. Anti-Trichomonas activity of Sapindus saponins, a candidate for development as microbicidal contraceptive. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62, 526–534 (2008).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
14.Muntaha, S. T. & Khan, M. N. Natural surfactant extracted from Sapindus mukurossi as an eco-friendly alternate to synthetic surfactant: A dye surfactant interaction study. J. Clean. Prod. 93, 145–150 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Sun, C., Jia, L., Ye, H. O., Gao, Y. & Weng, X. Geographic variation evaluating and correlation with fatty acid composition of economic characters of Sapindus spp. fruits. J. Beijing For. Univ. 12, 73–83 (2016).
Google Scholar 
16.Barry, C. & Cox, P. D. Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach (Blackwell, 1980).
Google Scholar 
17.Stocker, T. F. et al. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 95–123. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg1_report_the_physical_science_basis.htm (2014).18.Hatfield, J. L. & Prueger, J. H. Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather Clim. Extremes 10, 4–10 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Ray, R., Gururaja, K. V. & Ramchandra, T. V. Predictive distribution modeling for rare Himalayan medicinal plant Berberis aristata DC. J. Environ. Biol. 32, 725–730 (2011).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
20.Lawler, J. J. Climate change adaptation strategies for resource management and conservation planning. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1162, 79–98 (2009).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Richard et al. Will plant movements keep up with climate change? Trends Ecol. Evol. (2013).22.Araújo, M. B. & Peterson, A. T. Uses and misuses of bioclimatic envelope modeling. Ecology 93, 1527–1539 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Elith, J. & Leathwick, J. R. Species distribution models: Ecological explanation and prediction across space and time. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40, 677–697 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Zhu, G., Liu, G., Bu, W. & Gao, Y. Ecological niche modeling and its applications in biodiversity conservation. Biodiv. Sci. 1, 94–102 (2013).
Google Scholar 
25.Stockwell, D. & Peters, D. P. The GARP modelling system: Problems and solutions to automated spatial prediction. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 13, 143–158 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P. & Schapire, R. E. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol. Model. 190, 231–259 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Beaumont, L. J. et al. Predicting species distributions: use of climatic parameters in BIOCLIM and its impact on predictions of species’ current and future distribution. Ecol. Model. 186, 251–270 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Liaw, A. & Wiener, M. Classification and regression by random forest. R News 23, 1–10 (2002).
Google Scholar 
29.Elith, J., Leathwick, J. R. & Hastie, T. A working guide to boosted regression trees. J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 802–814 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Elith, J. et al. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Divers. Distrib. 17, 43–57 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Li, G., Du, S. & Wen, Z. Mapping the climatic suitable habitat of oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis) for introduction and cultivation at a global scale. Sci. Rep. 6, 30009 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Merow, C., Smith, M. J. & Silander, J. A. A practical guide to MaxEnt for modeling species’ distributions: What it does, and why inputs and settings matter. Ecography 36, 1058–1069 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Merow, C. et al. What do we gain from simplicity versus complexity in species distribution models?. Ecography 37, 1267–1281 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Wang, W. et al. Assessment of potential habitat for firmiana danxiaensis, a plant species with extremely small populations in danxiashan national nature reserve based on maxent model. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (2019).35.Guo, Y., Guo, J., Shen, X., Wang, G. & Wang, T. Predicting the bioclimatic habitat suitability of Ginkgo biloba L. in China with field-test validations. Forests https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080705 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Huang, Z. et al. Geographic distribution and impacts of climate change on the suitable habitats of Zingiber species in China. Ind. Crops Prod. 138, 111429 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Rong, Z. et al. Modeling the effect of climate change on the potential distribution of Qinghai Spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) in Qilian Mountains. Forests https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010062 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Mohammadi, S., Ebrahimi, E., Moghadam, M. S. & Bosso, L. Modelling current and future potential distributions of two desert jerboas under climate change in Iran. Ecol. Inform. 52, 7–13 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Ramos, R. S., Kumar, L., Shabani, F. & Picanco, M. C. Risk of spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato crops under various climate change scenarios. Agric. Syst. 173, 524–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.03.020 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Sultana, S., Baumgartner, J. B., Dominiak, B. C., Royer, J. E. & Beaumont, L. J. Impacts of climate change on high priority fruit fly species in Australia. PLoS ONE 15, e0213820 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Raffini, F. et al. From nucleotides to satellite imagery: Approaches to identify and manage the invasive pathogen Xylella fastidiosa and its insect vectors in Europe. Sustainability 12, 4508 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Melo-Merino, S. M., Reyes-Bonilla, H. & Lira-Noriega, A. Ecological niche models and species distribution models in marine environments: A literature review and spatial analysis of evidence. Ecol. Model. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108837 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Sterne, T. K., Retchless, D., Allee, R. & Highfield, W. Predictive modelling of mesophotic habitats in the north-western Gulf of Mexico. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3281 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Convertino, M., Annis, A. & Nardi, F. Information-theoretic portfolio decision model for optimal flood management. Environ. Model. Softw. 119, 258–274 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Ardestani, E. G. & Mokhtari, A. Modeling the lumpy skin disease risk probability in central Zagros Mountains of Iran. Prev. Vet. Med. 176, 104887–104887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104887 (2020).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
46.Hanafi-Bojd, A. A., Vatandoost, H. & Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M. R. Climate change and the risk of malaria transmission in Iran. J. Med. Entomol. 57, 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz131 (2020).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
47.Zhang, L., Jing, Z., Li, Z., Liu, Y. & Fang, S. Predictive modeling of suitable habitats for Cinnamomum Camphora (L.) presl using maxent model under climate change in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173185 (2019).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
48.Peng, L.-P. et al. Modelling environmentally suitable areas for the potential introduction and cultivation of the emerging oil crop Paeonia ostii in China. Sci. Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39449-y (2019).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
49.Li, J., Fan, G. & He, Y. Predicting the current and future distribution of three Coptis herbs in China under climate change conditions, using the MaxEnt model and chemical analysis. Sci. Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134141 (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
50.Zhang, K., Zhang, Y. & Tao, J. Predicting the potential distribution of Paeonia veitchii (Paeoniaceae) in China by incorporating climate change into a maxent model. Forests https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020190 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Sun, C. et al. Genetic structure and biogeographic divergence among Sapindus species: An inter-simple sequence repeat-based study of germplasms in China. Ind. Crops Prod. 118, 1–10 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Mahar, K. S., Palni, L. M. S., Ranade, S. A., Pande, V. & Rana, T. S. Molecular analyses of genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship in Indian soap nut (Sapindus L.) and closely related taxa of the family Sapindaceae. Meta Gene, S2214540017300336 (2017).53.Li, J., Chang, H., Liu, T. & Zhang, C. The potential geographical distribution of Haloxylon across Central Asia under climate change in the 21st century. Agric. For. Meteorol. 275, 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.05.027 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Prevéy, J. S., Parker, L. E., Harrington, C. A., Lamb, C. T. & Proctor, M. F. Climate change shifts in habitat suitability and phenology of huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum). Agric. For. Meteorol. 280, 107803 (2020).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Adeyemi, T. O., Ogundipe, O. T. & Olowokudejo, J. D. Species distribution modelling of family Sapindaceae in West Africa. Int. J. Bot. 8, 45–49 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Sun, C. et al. Association of fruit and seed traits of sapindus mukorossi germplasm with environmental factors in Southern China. Forests 8, 491 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Sun, C. et al. Genetic diversity and association analyses of fruit traits with microsatellite ISSRs in Sapindus. J. For. Res. 30, 197–207 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
58.Gao, Y. et al. Canopy characteristics and light distribution in Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. are influenced by crown architecture manipulation in the hilly terrain of Southeast China. Sci. Hortic. 240, 11–22 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Zhang, Y.-Q. et al. Spatio-temporal effects of canopy microclimate on fruit yield and quality of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Sci. Hortic. 251, 136–149 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Liu, J. et al. Potential distribution and ecological characteristics of genus Sapindus in China based on MaxEnt model. Sci. Silvae Sin. 57, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210501 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Cabral, A. L., Sales, J. D. F., Barbosa, K. F., Rodrigues, A. A. & Filho, S. C. V. Dormancy breakage and germination in Sapindus saponaria L. seeds as a function of temperature and germination substrate. Semina 40, 3345–3358 (2019).CAS 

Google Scholar 
62.Jia, L. & Sun, C. Research progress of biodiesel tree Sapindus mukorossi. J. China Agric. Univ. 017, 191–196 (2012).
Google Scholar 
63.Wei, X., Dai, T., Liu, S. & Jia, L. Effects of formula fertilization on leaf nutrient dynamics and yield of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. J. Nanjing For. Univ. 42, 21–28 (2018).
Google Scholar 
64.Pal, A. K., Vaishnav, V., Meena, B., Pandey, N. & Rana, T. S. Adaptive fitness of Sapindus emarginatus Vahl populations towards future climatic regimes and the limiting factors of its distribution. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–11 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
65.Jayasinghe, S. L. & Kumar, L. Modeling the climate suitability of tea [Camellia sinensis(L.) O. Kuntze] in Sri Lanka in response to current and future climate change scenarios. Agric. For. Meteorol. 272–273, 102–117 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
66.He, X., Ning, X., Guo, Y. & Wei, H. Geographical distribution of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge in China and predicting suitable area under the climate change scenario. Res. Agric. Modern. 40, 138–146 (2019).
Google Scholar 
67.GBIF.org (13 October 2020) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.4d9kye.68.Veloz, S. D. Spatially autocorrelated sampling falsely inflates measures of accuracy for presence-only niche models. J. Biogeogr. 36, 2290–2299 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
69.Boria, R. A., Olson, L. E., Goodman, S. M. & Anderson, R. P. Spatial filtering to reduce sampling bias can improve the performance of ecological niche models. Ecol. Model. 275, 73–77 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
70.Brown, J. L. SDMtoolbox: A python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic, biogeographic and species distribution model analyses. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 694–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12200 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
71.Beckmann, M. et al. glUV: A global UV-B radiation data set for macroecological studies. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 372 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
72.Mao, J. F. & Wang, X. R. Distinct niche divergence characterizes the homoploid hybrid speciation of Pinus densata on the Tibetan Plateau. Am. Nat. 177(4), 424–439 (2011).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
73.Li, G., Xu, G., Guo, K. & Du, S. Mapping the global potential geographical distribution of black locust (Robinia Pseudoacacia L.) using herbarium data and a maximum entropy model. Forests 5, 2773–2792 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
74.Allouche, O., Tsoar, A. & Kadmon, R. Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: Prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). J. Appl. Ecol. 43, 1223–1232 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
75.Elith, J. et al. Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data. Ecography 29, 129–151 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
76.Phillips, S. J. Transferability, sample selection bias and background data in presence-only modelling: A response to Peterson et al. (2007). Ecography 31, 272–278 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
77.Araujo, M. B., Pearson, R. G., Thuiller, W. & Erhard, M. Validation of species–climate impact models under climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 11, 1504–1513 (2005).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
78.Ikhumhen, H. O., Li, T., Lu, S. & Matomela, N. Assessment of a novel data driven habitat suitability ranking approach for Larus relictus specie using remote sensing and GIS. Ecol. Model. 432, 109221 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
79.Bosso, L., De Conno, C. & Russo, D. Modelling the risk posed by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha: Italy as a case study. Environ. Manage. 60, 304–313 (2017).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Botanical content of the Libri Picturati Brazilian collectionOur identifications of all plant illustrations are listed with their vernacular names, page numbers, and associated information on growth form, geographical origin, conservation and domestication status in Supplementary Dataset S1. From the entire collection of Brazilian plant illustrations in the Libri Picturati, we identified 198 taxa that are organized in the Theatrum, LP and MC as indicated in Supplementary Table S1. Between folios 729 and 731 of the Theatrum, an illustration of a tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is glued, which was sent by Cleyer from Batavia (currently Jakarta, Indonesia), the headquarters of the Dutch East Indian Company. As it was inserted later in the Theatrum and not depicted in Brazil, we did not include it in our analysis. A few plants remained unidentified due to a lack of morphological characters, the limited quality of the drawing and/or the lack of references to written sources by Marcgrave or Piso7,8.Among the LP botanical watercolors, we identified 34 vascular plant species (38 images) with the Passifloraceae as the most represented family (five species, six images), followed by the Fabaceae (five species, five images). Among the MC plant drawings, we identified 26 vascular plant species (34 images) and the most represented families were the Cucurbitaceae (three species, seven images) and the Myrtaceae (three species, three images). Among the illustrated content of the Theatrum, we identified 162 vascular plant species (175 images) and one basidiomycete fungus (Copelandia cyanescens (Sacc.) Singer, Bolbitiaceae). Fungi were commonly placed within the plant kingdom until the mid-twentieth century. The most represented families among the illustrated content are the Fabaceae (22 species, 22 images), followed by the Solanaceae (10 species, 11 images), Lamiaceae (six species, six images) and Myrtaceae (six species, eight images). The Fabaceae is the most diverse plant family in the world41, while the Myrtaceae is one of the most rich-species woody plant family in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil42.Mentzel’s unfinished task: the intended botanical content of the Theatrum
The Theatrum also includes 206 empty folios, interleaved between 160 folios with plant illustrations (see example in Fig. 1). On most folios, vernacular names and references to the pages of the HNB and IURNM are written on the top center, often relating to one taxon, but sometimes referring to two taxa (Fig. 1). This occurs specially at the end of the collection, as if the maker had ended up with little space and somehow had to squeeze them in. Among these unillustrated folios, the vernacular plant names and references to Marcgrave and Piso’s sources allowed us to identify 196 vascular plant species (218 records) including five ferns from the families Drypteriaceae (one species), Polypodiaceae (one species) and Pteridaceae (three species); one alga (Sargassum tenuissimum (Endlicher & Diesling) Grunow, Phaeophyceae) and a marine sponge (Clathria cf. nicoleae Vieira de Barros, Santos & Pinheiro, Microcioniadae) (Supplementary Dataset S1). Considering that the study of spongiology (Porifera) did not develop until the mid-nineteenth century, these animal colonies must have been considered an aquatic plant because of the tree-like shape and the fact of living attached to the seabed. The most represented family that would correspond to the empty folios was the Fabaceae (29 unillustrated species, 33 records), followed by the Arecaceae (nine species, ten records), Solanaceae (nine species, nine records), and Asteraceae (seven species, seven records). Estimates of the intended botanical content (i.e., empty folios with references together with the illustrated folios) are shown in Table 1.Figure 1Similar vernacular names for related taxa and distinct taxa associated to the same vernacular name in the Theatrum Rerum Naturalium.Full size imageTable 1 Estimations of the botanical content of the Theatrum Rerum Naturalium, including empty and illustrated folios.Full size tableOn p. 139 of the Theatrum, the vernacular name Ambaibuna is written on an empty page without reference to Marcgrave’s or Piso’s books. The page with Ambaibuna is located between Ambaiba (p. 137), which corresponds to the illustration of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul, and a blank page with only the vernacular name Ambaitinga (p. 141), which corresponds to C. hololeuca Miq.7: 92,24 (Fig. 1). The Brazilian Cecropia species are known in Tupi-related languages as Ambauba, Ambauva or Umbaúba (https://dataplamt.org.br/), which are phonetically and morphologically similar to Ambaibuna. For those reasons, we initially assumed that Ambaibuna referred to a Cecropia species, but the same name Ambaibuna is later repeated together with the name Iito (p. 227) next to an illustration that represents a completely different tree species: Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the name Ambaibuna is also written above the illustration of a grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. (p. 257), also unrelated to Cecropia (Fig. 1).Whether Ambaibuna was a generic name to designate several non-related species or represents a mistake by the author who wrote the names on the illustrations remains unknown. On the other hand, neither Marcgrave nor Piso mentioned Ambaibuna in their descriptions of the Brazilian flora. Aside from Marcgrave and Piso’s books7,8, it is yet to be determined which source(s) Mentzel relied on when arranging the botanical content of the Theatrum. It is nonetheless clear that he must have been confused by the similarity of some of the Tupi-related plant names. Unfortunately, Marcgrave was no longer present to help him match the illustrations, names and descriptions, because he died about 16 years before Mentzel started organizing the Brazilian plant illustrations.Origin of the exotic species in the Libri Picturati
The Libri Picturati collection depicts in its majority native Brazilian plants. Most of the species represented in the Theatrum are native from Brazil, but the proportion of native species is much lower in the MC and lowest in the LP, in which almost half of the illustrations represent introduced species (Fig. 2).Figure 2Proportion of native and introduced species in the Brazilian collection of the Libri Picturati: Theatrum Rerum Naturalium (Theatrum), Libri Principis (LP) and Miscellanea Cleyeri (MC).Full size imageThere are 35 species of exotic origin in the complete Brazilian collection of the Libri Picturati (Supplementary Table S2). These introduced species now occur in (sub-) tropical areas around the world. Most of the exotic plants originally came from other parts of the Americas, especially Mexico, the Caribbean and the Andes region (14 species); followed by those that originated in the African continent (10 species) and tropical Asia (nine species) (Supplementary Table S2). Most of the exotic American plants that were introduced to Brazil were domesticated and traded by indigenous groups long before the European colonization, such as papaya (Carica papaya L.), cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), guava (Psidium guajava L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)37. Most of the species of Asiatic origin were already naturalized or cultivated in Africa and introduced to Brazil by means of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade before the Dutch arrived, such as yams (Dioscorea alata L.), plantains (Musa × paradisiaca L.) and weeds like Abrus precatorius L. and Plumbago zeylanica L.43,44. Others were introduced from Europe by merchants and settlers, such as the Portuguese Jesuits, who incorporated them as remedies into their boticas (Jesuit pharmacies in the colonies). For example, the various Citrus and pomegranate fruits were not only planted as fruits but also used to expel roundworms and to combat cold fevers, respectively45: 88. Before their arrival to Brazil, the Portuguese and Dutch must have been familiar with some African plants, such as Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Ricinus communis L. and Tamarindus indica L. These useful plants were already known in Europe through Arabic and Greek medical texts, which knowledge was boosted by their translations into Latin during the High Renaissance45,46. Punica granatum L. was introduced into the Iberian Peninsula via ancient merchant routes in the Mediterranean47 and brough to Brazil by the Portuguese45. Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were already cultivated by the Portuguese in Pernambuco around 154248. Along the Atlantic coast, lemons, pomegranates and grape vines adapted to the new environmental conditions and thrived in the vicinities of Johan Maurits’ residence, as evidenced by the illustrations in the Theatrum and textual accounts6,7,40.The presence of these globally commodified plants is common today in Brazil as in many regions worldwide. Other species seem to have lost their popularity over time. The so-called Ethiopian, Guinean or Negro pepper, Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich., was present around the 1640s in northeast Brazil, as evidenced in the Libri Picturati by a painting with a fruiting branch with leaves named Piperis aethiopici spés (Fig. 3a). The first iconography of this aromatic tree in Europe is found in Matthioli’s commentaries on Dioscorides under the name of Piper aethiopicum49: 575 and its fruits were previously cited by the Persian polymath Avicenna (980–1037)30. In Europe, this African pepper was commonly used until southeast Asian spices gained popularity in the sixteenth century50. In the plantation societies of tropical America, X. aethiopica constituted a food crop for enslaved Africans in the early colonial period43: 135. Today, its fruits are used in aphrodisiac tonics51 and special dishes prepared for African deities (Orishas) in Cuba43: 90, but it is unclear whether the species grows in Brazil. Its current distribution range encompasses West, Central and Southern Africa (https://gbif.org/occurrence/map?taxon_key=3157151). The dry fruits are used in tropical Africa as a condiment, in rituals and as medicine to treat cough, bronchitis, rheumatism, malaria, amenorrhea and uterine fibroids52,53,54. There is an herbarium record in Brazil made by photographer and anthropologist Pierre Verger. The label on the specimen mentions ‘Brazil’ and ‘Plantas de Candomblé’ and it indicates that the voucher was deposited at the Herbarium Alexandre Real Costa (ALCB, according to Index Herbariorum: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/, accessed 23 August 2021) in Bahia (Verger s/n, ALCB012478, available at ALCB, via Species Link: https://specieslink.net/search/, accessed 23 August 2021) Verger presumably collected this specimen in Bahia in 1967 while he was researching on ritual and medicinal plants used in Candomblé (http://inct.florabrasil.net/alcb-resgate/, accessed 2 June 2021)55. However, it seems to be a mixed collection, as the leaves are oppositely arranged and with long petioles, which is uncommon to Annonaceae30. In Brazil, the fruits of the Brazilian relative Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. have probably served as a good substitute for X. aethiopica, as they have a similar peppery taste and stomachic properties56: 3, and are more easily gathered from the cerrado savannahs or the Amazon rainforest. Voeks57 documented X. aethiopica seed powder as used in Candomblé rituals by Yoruba practitioners in Bahia. Nevertheless, there is no clear information whether X. aethiopica is cultivated in the Neotropics or imported; thus, the origin of the fruits, seeds or its powder in Brazil remains uncertain.Figure 3 (a) The African spice-producing tree Xylopia aethiopica depicted in the Theatrum Rerum Naturalium (p. 321); (b) The first record of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Brazil (Theatrum: 555).Full size imageThe first reference to the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Brazil dates to the twentieth century, when it was introduced by European immigrants due to its economic value as an oil-producing crop58. Sunflowers are of North American and/or Mexican origin 59,60, and were introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century by the Spanish, as part of the Columbian exchange61. Merchants observed how native Americans benefited from this plant and exported the sunflower to Europe, where it was primarily valued as ornamental and later as a food crop, propelled by genetic improvement by the Russians in the 1800s59. Before the sunflower became a popular and well-stablished crop in the twentieth century, this plant was already encountered in northeast Brazil, as evidenced by the illustration in the Theatrum (Fig. 3b). Portuguese sailors may have played a role in its introduction to Brazilian territories or it could have been intentionally brought by merchants or Jesuits, although the latter paid more attention to medicinal plants45,62. We may also consider the Dutch as active agents in its introduction to their colonies in the northeast. A relevant female agent in the dissemination of the sunflower in the Netherlands was Christine Bertolf (1525–1590), who was acquainted with the Spanish court and keen of the rare plants that thrived in the Royal Botanical Garden in Madrid63. She spread textual and visual information about the sunflower, and possibly also its seeds, among her network of naturalists and collectors, including the Flemish botanists Dodoens and Clusius63. After Dodoens64: 295 depicted the first European sunflower in his herbal in 1568, images and descriptions of this species began to circulate in manuscripts of other naturalists and physicians in Europe (e.g., Matthioli65: preface, Fragoso66: title page, Monardes67: 109 and Clusius68: 14–15). Thus, by the seventeenth century, Dutch scholars and collectors of exotic naturalia were familiar with sunflowers, which possibly promoted its cultivation at Johan Maurits’ gardens with ornamental purposes.Interestingly, the sunflower is referenced as Camará-guaçú, an indigenous term from the macrolinguistic Tupi family. Camará, Kamará or Cambará is a generic name given to several unrelated species, such as Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) (http://www.dataplamt.org.br/, accessed 2 June 2021), both found in the Theatrum (p. 341 and 343 respectively). According to Tibiriçá69, in Tupi caa means plant and mbaraá means illness, and according to Cherini70 Cambará means “leaf of rough bark”. Hence, Camara also refers to medicinal plants with rough leaves in general. Guaçú means big and miri small71, which matches with the larger inflorescence of H. annuus in contrast to the African weed Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae), documented as Camara-miri in the HNB and “used by black people as a broom to sweep the houses of their masters”7: 110. According to the Tupi-based nomenclature associated to H. annuus in the Theatrum, Tupi indigenous groups were already familiar with the sunflower in Brazil around the 1640 s.Life forms and domestication status of the Libri Picturati plantsMost of the species in the Theatrum are tropical trees, followed by shrubs, herbs, and lianas (Fig. 4). Several are rainforest trees, such as Andira fraxinifolia Benth., Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. and Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. The same trend was observed for the illustrations in the MC, with trees as the most often represented life forms, followed by shrubs, lianas and herbs. Typically, the LP contains much less trees, but more small herbs, shrubs and vines that were probably found in and around Mauritsstad (i.e., the former capital of Dutch Brazil, currently a part of the Brazilian city of Recife), such as Commelina erecta L. and Turnera subulata Sm., which commonly grow in disturbed landscapes.Figure 4Proportion of life forms of the species depicted in the Brazilian collection of the Libri Picturati: Theatrum Rerum Naturalium (Theatrum), Libri Principis (LP) and Miscellanea Cleyeri (MC).Full size imageAlthough the majority of the species depicted in the Theatrum and the MC are wild forest trees, some species are found both in the wild and cultivated, such as Psidium guineense Sw., which was part of the pre-Columbian anthropogenic forests or ‘indigenous landscape’ in Brazil37,38,72. Some trees were planted in or around Recife. Hancornia speciosa Gomes, known by its Tupi-based name Mangabiba or Mangaiba [Mangabeira]7: 121, was cultivated in Mauritsstad6: 242,40. The fruit of H. speciosa (Mangaba) was harvested in great amounts as it was a highly appreciated food7: 122. Seeds were collected to plant the tree, and Marcgrave gave details about the specific locations of varieties in different northeastern locations (Salvador, Sergipe and Olinda). H. speciosa was already selected and managed by indigenous groups before colonization37, yet wild populations of this tree are still found in the Brazilian rainforest and savannah (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB15558, accessed 4 June 2021).Domesticated plants are represented in higher proportions within the LP and the MC (Fig. 5), accounting mostly for introduced fruit species (Supplementary Dataset S1), such as Citrus spp., Musa x paradisiaca and Cocos nucifera L., which were cultivated in Maurits’ gardens in Recife40. The influence of the European colonization of Brazil is also visible by the presence of weeds from Asia and Africa among the illustrations in the Theatrum and the LP, such as Abrus precatorius L., Argemone mexicana L., Boerhavia coccinea Mill. and Plumbago zeylanica L. Some of these plants were introduced from Africa via the slave ships, while others may have dispersed naturally44. Guilandina bonduc L., an African scrambling shrub depicted as Inimboi in the Theatrum, was described by Piso7: 95 as “growing in abundance in sandy and dry forests of the coasts”. We categorized G. bonduc as a wild plant: its round seeds could have been brought by oceanic currents from West African shores and germinated in the coastal vegetation of Pernambuco and other South American areas73. However, G. bonduc may also have reached Brazil during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, as the hard, grey seeds are used in the African game Oware and also used in bead ornaments74.Figure 5Domestication status of the species in the Brazilian collection of the Libri Picturati: Theatrum Rerum Naturalium (Theatrum), Libri Principis (LP) and Miscellanea Cleyeri (MC).Full size imagePlant parts represented in the Libri Picturati
The way plants are depicted in the Libri Picturati provides us with information about the level of botanical skills of the artists, and how closely they worked together with the naturalists in the Dutch colony. Some plants are represented by only loose parts or depicted sterile, while others show us different organs and reproductive stages, which greatly facilitated their taxonomic identification (Table 2).Table 2 Plant parts represented in the botanical illustrations of the Libri Picturati: Theatrum Rerum Naturalium (Theatrum), Libri Principis (LP) and Miscellanea Cleyeri (MC).Full size tableMost illustrations depict fertile plant species with flowers and fruits, often cut in half to show the seeds, which reveals a high level of botanical knowledge. Fertile plants are more common in the Theatrum, in a few occasions also showing their tubers, such as Spondias tuberosa Arruda, known as Umbi [Iva Umbu], of which the prominent tuber in the bottom front captures the attention of the observer (Fig. 6a). Likely associated to a scientific purpose, drawing some plant parts out of proportion corresponds to a pictorial style also observed in other iconographies. This is also the case in the Icones Plantarum Malabaricarum, which depicts plants from Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka) in the eighteenth century and often accentuates useful fruits, flowers or roots75.Figure 6 (a) Spondias tuberosa with the tuber painted in front of the branch with leaves, tiny white flowers and a detail of the immature (green) and mature (yellow) fruit in the back (Theatrum Rerum Naturalium: 261); (b) Infertile individual of Hippeastrum psittacinum (Theatrum: 389); c Ficus gomelleira leaf, probably picked from the ground (Theatrum: 157); (d) Flowering vine of Centrosema brasilianum (Libri Principis: 1); (e) Amphilophium crucigerum dry open fruit without seeds (Theatrum: 387).Full size imagePiso7: 78 indicated that roots [tubers] of S. tuberosa deserved special attention, because of the way they developed underground and their use as a refreshment [water reservoir] for feverish patients and exhausted travelers, as he experimented himself. He and Marcgrave7: 108 also described how its fruits were valued as food. This example not only provides textual and visual evidence of the field trips to the interior by these naturalists and their first-hand experiments, but also adds insights into the connectedness between artistic and scientific practices in seventeenth century Dutch Brazil. Currently S. tuberosa, known as Umbu or Umbuzeiro (https://dataplamt.org.br/), is an important economic and subsistence food resource for rural communities in semiarid regions of northeast Brazil76,77. Its specialized root system (xylopodia) bears tubers that store liquids, sugars and other nutrients and allow the survival of the tree during the dry seasons of the caatinga and central Brazilian savanna, where this species is endemic78. The water or sweet juice of these xylopodia is still used as an emergency thirst quencher in extreme arid areas of the Brazilian sertão79; also see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyGNlrljAww, accessed 25 August 2012].In the Theatrum, a small proportion of plants are illustrated in their sterile stage, such as Hippeastrum psittacinum (Ker Gawl.) Herb. (Fig. 6b) or Ficus gomelleira Kunth & C.D.Bouché (Fig. 6c). Marcgrave7: 32 did not see the impressive flower of H. psittacinum as it is lacking in his observations25: 59. The Theatrum painting must have been made in the wet season in the interior of Pernambuco, when Marcgrave and the painter(s) encountered the lily with only leaves, before these fall off and make place for the mesmerizing flower25. Ficus gomelleira, depicted by a single oblong leaf with its characteristic pinnate venation (p. 157), is a large tree, up to 40 m tall (https://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-guianas/node/3041, accessed 4 June 2021). It can be challenging to collect a branch, so the painter(s) or local assistants possibly picked a leaf from the ground (Fig. 6c).The LP contains mainly flowering plants (e.g., Ruellia cf. elegans Poir.), tendrillate vines (e.g., Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth. (Fig. 6d)) and cultivated crops, such as peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.) or guava (Psidium guajava L.) (Supplementary Dataset S1). Compared to the MC and the LP, a smaller proportion of the illustrations display only flowers or fruits in the Theatrum. Yet, these deserve special attention as the reasons for only painting the reproductive organs in the three collections may differ. While in the MC and LP flowers or fruits represent species that are domesticated or more likely to be found in urban areas, such as Capsicum baccatum L. or Hancornia speciosa, the Theatrum contains more loose parts of native plants found in the rainforest. Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G.Lohmann is a liana referenced by the Tupi-related name Iaruparicuraba (Theatrum: 387) and today known in Brazil as pente-de-macaco (https://dataplamt.org.br/) due to its large dehiscent fruit (c.17 cm long) that opens in two valves covered with soft spines, hence its name “monkey’s comb” (Fig. 6e). Its winged seeds are not present in the drawing, possibly one empty valve was gathered from the ground, and the seeds were already dispersed by the wind.In the MC, we also find some drawings of infertile structures, but these mostly belonged to species that were depicted on several folios. When assembling those folios, we observed the whole plant represented in its fertile stage: the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) is depicted with its leaves and fruit on folio 63 (verso) and its leaves on folio 64 (recto). In the case of Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw., whoever bounded the drawings in the MC collection did not realize that folios 63 (recto), 64 (verso) and double folio 68 formed together one entire plant (See Supplementary Fig. S1).On other occasions, the painters focused on painting the plant parts that were valuable to humans. Several rainforest trees were highly valued for its edible fruits or seeds, such as Hymenaea courbaril L.7: 101 or Lecythis pisonis L., of which the “seeds (also called chestnuts) were eaten raw or roasted”7: 128 and “were considered aphrodisiacs”7: 65. The fruit of Macoubea guianensis Aubl. was “appreciated for its sweetness by the indigenous peoples to eat during their travels, while Europeans used it to treat chest affections”8: 242. The fruit of Swartzia pickelii Killip ex Ducke was “not eaten unless it was cooked, from which the inhabitants made a wholesome delicacy for the stomach called Manipoy”8: 165. The same applies to the tomato-like fruits of the African eggplant Solanum aethiopicum L., which were “eaten cooked, after seasoning with oil and pepper; it has lemon taste”7: 24. While these plants are represented in the Theatrum only by their fruits (Supplementary Dataset S1), the tree branches or the whole plant are depicted in the written sources. The illustrations in the books were most likely made by Marcgrave, who aimed to describe and depict as many plant parts as possible, although compromising in aesthetic aspect. The painters, on the other hand, focused on the edible parts without sacrificing their aesthetics. In any case, the illustrations from the Theatrum and the woodcuts and descriptions in the HNB and IURNM often complemented each other and thus facilitated our identifications.Current conservation status of the Brazilian species in the Libri Picturati
In the past centuries, the Atlantic Forest and savannah regions of northeast Brazil have been severely affected by habitat loss and degradation due to the expansion of urbanization, intensive agriculture, farming and logging80,81. Several plant species that were abundant enough to be noted by European artists around 1640 are not common anymore today. According to the IUCN Red List, eight species in the Libri Picturati, seven in the Theatrum and one in the LP are currently experiencing population decline or are at risk of facing extinction (Supplementary Table S3). Several endemic plants from the northeast Atlantic rainforest and caatinga biomes appear in the illustrations. Four species in the Libri Picturati are currently CITES-listed and restricted to trade: the cacti Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) A.Berger, Cereus fernambucensis Lem., Epiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haw. and Melocactus violaceus subsp. margaritaceus N.P.Taylor The latter is an endemic cactus of the coastal sand dunes’ ecoregion in the Atlantic rainforest known as restinga, which is severely threatened by agricultural expansion and urbanization82.Some endemic species are classified as Least Concern by the IUCN or the CNC Flora (12 species), while others (13 species) have not been evaluated yet (Supplementary Dataset S1). The MC does not contain threatened species, but includes two endemic trees: Attalea compta Mart. and Eugenia cf. brasiliensis Lam., which are only found in the biodiversity hotspots of the Atlantic rainforest and the cerrado, both greatly affected by habitat loss23. The mangrove vegetation along the Brazilian coast has been severely affected by urbanization, pollution by industrial and domestic waste and climate change83,84, threatening the populations of the mangrove trees Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke and Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F.Gaertn. The occurrence of anthropogenic impacts and the lack of available data call for the implementation of more in-depth and continuous studies on the conservation status of these vulnerable populations.Linking the plant illustrations to the published works and Marcgrave’s herbariumA total of 357 different plant species is described in the HNB and IURNM (Supplementary Dataset S2). Because the Theatrum constitutes a larger number of illustrations, we found more taxa from the books and the herbarium represented in this source (102 out of 163, 63%). However, the largest overlap was found between the MC and the HNB / IURNM: 21 out of 26 taxa (81%) were also described in the books. A smaller overlap exists between the LP and the HNB / IURNM (18 out of 34, 53%). We counted 143 taxa at species level in Marcgrave’s herbarium (Supplementary Dataset S3) and we observed some of these preserved species in all three pictorial works, with the largest percentage of taxa in common with the MC (seven out of 26, 27%), probably because of its smaller number of images. Strikingly, a third of the species illustrated in the whole Brazilian collection of the Libri Picturati could not be ascribed to the species described by Marcgrave or Piso (61 out of 180, 34%). More

Acinetobacter isolates from the TGR regionIn the TGR region, we isolated 21 Acinetobacter strains (one A. johnsonii, one A. haemolyticus and 19 Acinetobacter sp. strains) (Table S1). Based on phylogenetic analysis after 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these 21 isolates belong to the genus Acinetobacter, exhibiting a similarity of 95.38–99.93% with known Acinetobacter strains in GenBank (Table S1). In phylogenetic tree (N-J) constructed with both isolated and known Acinetobacter strains, these 21 isolates branched deeply with three Acinetobacter clusters consisting of important clinical Acinetobacter species, such as A. johnsonii H10 (FJ009371), A. junii NH88-14 (FJ447529), A. baumannii ATCC19606T (HE651907), A. lwoffii DSM2403T (X81665) and A. haemolyticus TTH04-1 (KF704077) (Fig. 1). Five reference Acinetobacter strains were selected and used21. Currently, the genus Acinetobacter comprises 68 species with validly-published names (https://apps.szu.cz/anemec/Classification.pdf, May 25, 2021). Among the named species, A. baumannii is the most studied species associated with clinical infections followed by the non-A. baumannii species A. haemolyticus, A. junii, A. johnsonii, and A. lwofii21.Figure 1A phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showing position of isolates among species of genus Acinetobacter. Both isolates from the TGR region (the bold fonts) and reference strains used to infect Caenorhabditis elegans (the red fonts) are shown.Full size imageEffect of different Acinetobacter strains isolated from the TGR region and reference strains on lifespan of nematodesL4-larvae were exposed to different Acinetobacter strains for 24-h. Totally 21 Acinetobacter strains isolated from the TGR region and 5 reference strains of Acinetobacter species were used for the lifespan analysis. Based on the comparison of lifespan curves, exposure to Acinetobacter strains of AC2, AC3, AC4, AC5, AC6, AC7, AC8, AC9, AC10, AC11, AC12, AC13, AC14, AC16, AC17, AC19, AC20, A. johnsonii H10, and A. haemolyticus TTH0-4 could not alter lifespan curve (Fig. 2). Similarly, Acinetobacter strains of AC2, AC3, AC4, AC5, AC6, AC7, AC8, AC9, AC10, AC11, AC12, AC13, AC14, AC16, AC17, AC19, AC20, A. johnsonii, and A. haemolyticus also could not influence mean lifespan (Fig. 2). Different from these, the lifespan curves of nematodes exposed to Acinetobacter strains of AC1, AC15, AC18, AC21, A. baumannii ATCC 19606T, A. junii NH88-14, and A. lwoffii DSM 2403T were significantly (P  More

1.Beyene, Y. et al. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 1584–1591 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
2.Haslam, M. et al. Late Acheulean hominins at the marine isotope stage 6/5e transition in north-central India. Quat. Res. 75, 670–682 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Carotenuto, F. et al. Venturing out safely: The biogeography of Homo erectus dispersal out of Africa. J. Hum. Evol. 95, 1–12 (2016).MathSciNet 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Benito, B. M. et al. The ecological niche and distribution of Neanderthals during the Last Interglacial. J. Biogeogr. 44, 51–61 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Bae, C. J., Douka, K. & Petraglia, M. D. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives. Science (80-) 358, 65 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
6.Rogers, A. R., Harris, N. S. & Achenbach, A. A. Neanderthal-Denisovan ancestors interbred with a distantly related hominin. Sci. Adv. 6, 1–8 (2020).
Google Scholar 
7.Ruff, C. B., Trinkaus, E. & Holliday, T. W. Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 387, 173–176 (1997).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
8.Rightmire, G. P. Brain size and encephalization in early to Mid-Pleistocene Homo. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 124, 109–123 (2004).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Rightmire, G. P. Later Middle Pleistocene Homo. in Handbook of Palaeoanthropology (eds. Henke, W. & Tattersall, I.) 2221–2242 (Springer, 2015).10.Lahr, M. M. The complex landscape of recent human evolution. Science (80-) 372, 995 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
11.Athreya, S. & Hopkins, A. Conceptual issues in hominin taxonomy: Homo heidelbergensis and an ethnobiological reframing of species. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24330 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
12.Grun, R. et al. U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul. J. Hum. Evol. 49, 316–334 (2005).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Harvati, K. et al. Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. Nature 571, 500–504 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Hershkovitz, I. et al. The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science (80-) 359, 456–459 (2018).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
15.Kolobova, K. A. et al. Archaeological evidence for two separate dispersals of Neanderthals into southern Siberia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117, 2879–2885 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Chen, F. et al. A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature 569, 409–412 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
17.Douka, K. et al. Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565, 640–644 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
18.Rizal, Y. et al. Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 years ago. Nature 577, 381–385 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Brown, P. et al. A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 431, 1055–1061 (2004).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
20.Détroit, F. et al. A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines. Nature 568, 181–186 (2019).PubMed 
Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
21.Wedage, O. et al. Specialized rainforest hunting by Homo sapiens ~45,000 years ago. Nat. Commun. 10, 739 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
22.Athreya, S. Modern human emergence in South Asia: A review of the fossil and genetic evidence. in Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behaviour in Paleolithic Asia (eds. Kaifu, Y., Izuho, M., Goebel, T., Sato, H. & Ono, A.). 61–79. (Texas A&M University Press, 2015).23.Patnaik, R. et al. New geochronological, paleoclimatological, and archaeological data from the Narmada Valley hominin locality, central India. J. Hum. Evol. 56, 114–133 (2009).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Pappu, S. et al. Early Pleistocene presence of Acheulian hominins in South India. Science 331, 1596–1599 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
25.Paddayya, K. et al. Recent findings on the Achuelian of the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, Karnataka, with special reference to the Isampur excavation and its dating. Curr. Sci. 83, 641–647 (2002).
Google Scholar 
26.Blinkhorn, J. & Petraglia, M. D. Environments and cultural change in the Indian subcontinent: Implications for the dispersal of Homo sapiens in the Late Pleistocene. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S463–S479 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Benito-calvo, A., Barfod, D. N., Mchenry, L. J. & De, I. The geology and chronology of the Acheulean deposits in the Mieso area (East-Central Ethiopia). J. Hum. Evolut. 2014, 26–38 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.De la Torre, I., Mora, R., Arroyo, A. & Benito-calvo, A. Acheulean technological behaviour in the Middle Pleistocene landscape of Mieso (East-Central Ethiopia ). J. Hum. Evol. 76, 1–25 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Shipton, C. et al. Acheulean technology and landscape use at Dawadmi, central Arabia. PLoS ONE 13, e200497 (2018).
Google Scholar 
30.Scerri, E. M. L. et al. The expansion of later Acheulean hominins into the Arabian Peninsula. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–9 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Brooks, A. S. et al. Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age. Science (80-) 360, 90–94 (2018).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
32.Valladas, H. et al. Dating the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in the Levant: A view from Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. J. Hum. Evol. 65, 585–593 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Carmignani, L., Moncel, M. H. E., Fernandes, P. & Wilson, L. Technological variability during the Early Middle Palaeolithic in Western Europe: Reduction systems and predetermined products at the Bau de l’Aubesier and Payre (South-East France). PLoS ONE 12, e178550 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
34.Blinkhorn, J. et al. The first directly dated evidence for Palaeolithic occupation on the Indian coast at Sandhav, Kachchh. Quat. Sci. Rev. 224, 105975 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Blinkhorn, J., Achyuthan, H., Petraglia, M. & Ditchfield, P. Middle Palaeolithic occupation in the Thar Desert during the Upper Pleistocene: the signature of a modern human exit out of Africa?. Quat. Sci. Rev. 77, 233–238 (2013).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
36.Petraglia, M. et al. Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science 317, 114–116 (2007).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
37.Petraglia, M. D., Ditchfield, P., Jones, S., Korisettar, R. & Pal, J. N. The Toba volcanic super-eruption, environmental change, and hominin occupation history in India over the last 140,000 years. Quat. Int. 258, 119–134 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Clarkson, C. et al. Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years ago. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–10 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
39.Akhilesh, K. et al. Early Middle Palaeolithic culture in India around 385–172 ka reframes out of Africa models. Nature 554, 97–101 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
40.Dennell, R. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. (Cambridge University Press, 2009).41.Chauhan, P. R. Human evolution in the center of the old world: An updated review of the South Asian Paleolithic. in Pleistocene Archaeology—Migration, Technology, and Adaptation (eds. Ono, R. & Pawlik, A.). 94625. (IntechOpen, 2020).42.Roberts, P., Blinkhorn, J. & Petraglia, M. D. A transect of environmental variability across South Asia and its influence on Late Pleistocene human innovation and occupation. J. Quat. Sci. 33, 285–299 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Goudie, A., Allchin, B. & Hegde, K. The former extensions of the Great Indian Sand desert. Geogr. J. 139, 243–257 (1973).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Blinkhorn, J. The gateway to the oriental zone: Environmental change and palaeolithic behaviour in the Thar Desert. Quat. Int. 596, 79–92 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Gaillard, C., Misra, V. N., Rajaguru, S. N., Raju, D. R. & Raghavan, H. Acheulian occupation at Singi Talav in the Thar Desert: A preliminary report on 1981 excavation. Bull. Deccan Coll. Res. Inst. 44, 141–152 (1985).
Google Scholar 
46.Raghavan, H., Gaillard, C. & Rajaguru, S. N. Genesis of Calcretes from the Calc-pan site of Singi Talav near a micromorphological approach. Geoarchaeology 6, 151–168 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Misra, V. N. & Rajaguru, S. N. Palaeoenvironments and prehistory of the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India. in South Asian Archaeology 1985. 296–320. (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Occasional Papers, 1989).48.Misra, V. Geoarchaeology of the Thar desert, northwest India. Mem. Soc. India 210–230 (1995).49.Gaillard, C. Contribution à la Connaissance du Paléolithique Inférieur-Moyen en Inde. (Université de Provence, 1993).50.Gaillard, C., Mishra, S., Singh, M., Deo, S. & Abbas, R. Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene Acheulian in the Indian sub-continent. Quat. Int. 223–224, 234–241 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Gaillard, C., Mishra, S., Singh, M., Deo, S. & Abbas, R. Reply to: “Comment on ‘lower and early Middle Pleistocene Acheulian in the Indian sub-continent’” by P. Chauhan. Quat. Int. 223–224, 260–264 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Kailath, A. J. et al. Electron spin resonance characterization of calcretes from Thar desert for dating applications. Radiat. Meas. 32, 371–383 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Chauhan, P. R. Comment on ‘Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene Acheulian in the Indian sub-continent’ by Gaillard et al. (2009) (Quaternary International). Quat. Int. 223–224, 248–259 (2010).54.Alexandre, A., Meunier, J. D., Lézine, A. M., Vincens, A. & Schwartz, D. Phytoliths: Indicators of grassland dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 136, 213–229 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Diester-Haass, L., Schrader, H. J. & Thiede, J. Sedimentological and paleoclimatological investigations of two pelagic ooze cores off Cape Barbas, North-West Africa. Meteorol. Forshungergebnisse 16, 19–66 (1973).
Google Scholar 
56.Twiss, P. C. Predicted world distribution of C3 and C4 grass phytoliths. in Phytolith Systematics: Emerging Issues (eds. Rapp, G. R. & Mullholland, S. C.). 113–128. (Springer, 1992).57.Breecker, D. O., Sharp, Z. D. & McFadden, L. D. Seasonal bias in the formation and stable isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonate in modern soils from central New Mexico, USA. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 121, 630–640 (2009).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Szabo, B. J., McKinney, C., Dalbey, T. S. & Paddayya, K. On the age of the Acheulian culture of the Hunsgi-Baichbal Valleys, Peninsular India. Bull. Deccan Coll. Postgrad. Res. Inst. 50, 317–321 (1990).
Google Scholar 
59.Atkinson, T. J., Brown, P. J., Powar, N. J. & Kale, V. S. The Acheulian horizon at Chirki-Nevasa and its chronological implications. Bull. Deccan Coll. Postgrad. Res. Inst. 36, 3–14 (1990).
Google Scholar 
60.Deo, S. G., Joglekar, J. J. & Rajaguru, S. N. Geomorphic context of two acheulian sites in semi-arid peninsular India: Inferring palaeoenvironment and chronology. Quat. Int. 480, 166–177 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Blinkhorn, J. A new synthesis of evidence for the Upper Pleistocene occupation of 16R Dune and its southern Asian context. Quat. Int. 300, 282–291 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
62.Baskaran, M., Maratheb, A. R., Rajagurub, S. N. & Somayajulu, B. L. K. Geochronology of Palaeolithic cultures in the Hiran Valley, Saurashtra, India. J. Archaeol. Sci. 13, 505–514 (1986).Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Jain, M., Tandon, S. K. & Bhatt, S. C. Late Quaternary stratigraphic development in the lower Luni, Mahi and Sabarmati river basins, western India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 113, 453–471 (2004).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
64.Juyal, N., Chamyal, L. S., Bhandari, S., Bhushan, R. & Singhvi, A. K. Continental record of the southwest monsoon during the last 130 ka : evidence from the southern margin of the Thar Desert, India. Quat. Sci. Rev. 25, 2632–2650 (2006).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
65.Ajithprasad, P. Early Middle Palaeolithic: A transition phase between the Upper Acheulian and Middle Palaeolithic cultures in the Orsang Valley, Gujarat. Man Environ. 30, 1–11 (2005).
Google Scholar 
66.Bednarik, R. G., Kumar, G., Watchman, A. & Roberts, R. G. Preliminary results of the EIP Project. Rock Art Res. 22, 147–197 (2005).
Google Scholar 
67.Blinkhorn, J., Achyuthan, H., Ditchfield, P. & Petraglia, M. Palaeoenvironmental dynamics and Palaeolithic occupation at Katoati, Thar Desert. India. Quat. Res. (United States) 87, 298 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
68.Gaillard, C. & Rajaguru, S. N. Revisiting the Acheulian site of Singi Talav at Didwana (Rajasthan) 35 years. in Rethinking the Past: A Tribute to Professor V. N. Misra (ed. Deo, S. G.). 25–39. https://doi.org/10.7765/9780719098451.00013 (Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies, 2017).69.d’Errico, F., Gaillard, C. & Misra, V. N. Collection of non-utilitarian objects by Homo erectus in India. in Hominidae: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Human Paleontology (ed. Giacobini, G.). 237–239. (Jaca Book, 1989).70.Key, A. J. M., Jarić, I. & Roberts, D. L. Modelling the end of the Acheulean at global and continental levels suggests widespread persistence into the Middle Palaeolithic. Hum. Soc. Sci. Commun. 8, 1–12 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
71.Wasson, R. J., Smith, G. I. & Agrawala, D. P. Late Quaternary sediments, minerals and inferred geochemical history of Didwana Lake, Thar Dessert, India. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 46, 345–372 (1984).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
72.Jakher, G. R., Bhargava, S. C. & Sinha, R. K. Comparative limnology of Sambhar and Didwana lakes (Rajasthan, NW India). Saline Lakes 67, 245–256 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
73.Sinha, R. et al. Late Quaternary palaeoclimatic reconstruction from the lacustrine sediments of the Sambhar playa core, Thar Desert margin, India. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 233, 252–270 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
74.Sinha, R. & Raymahashay, B. C. Evaporite mineralogy and geochemical evolution of the Sambhar Salt Lake, Rajasthan, India. Sediment. Geol. 166, 59–71 (2004).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
75.Deotare, B. C. et al. Palaeoenvironmental history of Bap-Malar and Kanod playas of western Rajasthan, Thar desert. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 113, 403–425 (2004).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
76.Roy, P. D., Sinha, R., Smykatz-Kloss, W., Singhvi, A. K. & Nagar, Y. C. Playas of the Thar Desert: Mineralogical and geochemical archives of Late Holocene climates. Asian J. Earth Sci. 1, 43–61 (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
77.Achyuthan, H., Kar, A. & Eastoe, C. Late Quaternary-Holocene lake-level changes in the eastern margin of the Thar Desert, India. J. Paleolimnol. 38, 493–507 (2007).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
78.Dhir, R. P. et al. Multiple episodes of aggradation and calcrete formation in Late Quaternary aeolian sands, Central Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India. J. Asian Earth Sci. 37, 10–16 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
79.Juyal, N., Chamyal, L., Bhandari, S., Bhushan, R. & Singhvi, A. Continental record of the southwest monsoon during the last 130 ka: Evidence from the southern margin of the Thar Desert, India. Quat. Sci. Rev. 25, 2632–2650 (2006).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
80.Giosan, L. et al. Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, E1688–E1694 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
81.Achyuthan, H., Quade, J., Roe, L. & Placzek, C. Stable isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates from the eastern margin of the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India. Quat. Int. 162, 50–60 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
82.Sharma, K., Bhatt, N., Shukla, A. D., Cheong, D. K. & Singhvi, A. K. Optical dating of late Quaternary carbonate sequences of Saurashtra, western India. Quat. Res. (United States) 87, 133–150 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
83.Blinkhorn, J., Achyuthan, H., Jaiswal, M. & Singh, A. K. The first dated evidence for Middle-Late Pleistocene fluvial activity in the central Thar Desert. Quat. Sci. Rev. 250, 106656 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
84.Singhvi, A. K. et al. A ~200 ka record of climatic change and dune activity in the Thar Desert, India. Quat. Sci. Rev. 29, 3095–3105 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
85.Blinkhorn, J., Achyuthan, H., Ditchfield, P. & Petraglia, M. Palaeoenvironmental dynamics and Palaeolithic occupation at Katoati, Thar Desert, India. Quat. Res. 87, 298–313 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
86.Shipton, C. Hierarchical organization in the Acheulean to Middle Palaeolithic transition at Bhimbetka, India. Camb. Archaeol. J. 26, 601–618 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
87.Shipton, C. et al. Generativity, hierarchical action and recursion in the technology of the Acheulean to Middle Palaeolithic transition: A perspective from Patpara, the Son Valley, India. J. Hum. Evol. 65, 93–108 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
88.Potts, R. et al. Environmental dynamics during the onset of the Middle Stone Age in eastern Africa. Science (80-) 360, 86–90 (2018).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
89.Tryon, C. A. & Mcbrearty, S. Tephrostratigraphy of the bedded tuff member (Kapthurin Formation, Kenya) and the nature of archaeological change in the later middle Pleistocene. Quatern. Res. 65, 492–507 (2006).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
90.Tryon, C. A., McBrearty, S. & Texier, P.-J. Levallois lithic technology from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya: Acheulian origin and Middle Stone Age diversity. African Archaeol. Rev. 22, 199–229 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
91.Zaidner, Y. & Weinstein-Evron, M. The emergence of the Levallois technology in the Levant: A view from the Early Middle Paleolithic site of Misliya Cave. Israel. J. Hum. Evol. 2020, 102785 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
92.Jacobs, G. S. et al. Multiple deeply divergent Denisovan ancestries in papuans. Cell 177, 1010-1021.e32 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
93.Browning, S. R., Browning, B. L., Zhou, Y., Tucci, S. & Akey, J. M. Analysis of human sequence data reveals two pulses of archaic Denisovan admixture. Cell 173, 53-61.e9 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
94.Sankararaman, S. et al. The combined landscape of Denisovan and Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans report the combined landscape of Denisovan and Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans. Curr. Biol. 26, 1–7 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
95.Holt, B. G. et al. An update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world. Science 339, 74–78 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
96.Blott, S. J. & Pye, K. Technical communication Gradistat : A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 26, 1237–1248 (2001).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
97.Keeling, P. S. Some experiments on the low-temperature removal of carbonaceous material from clays. Clay Miner. Bull. 62, 155–158 (1962).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
98.Ball, D. F. Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in non-calcareous soils. J. Soil Sci. 15, 84–92 (1964).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
99.Dean, W. E. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods. J. Sediment. Res. 44, 242–248 (1974).CAS 

Google Scholar 
100.Bengtsson, L. & Enell, M. Chemical analysis. in Handbook of Holocene Paleoecology and Paleohydrology (eds. Bengtsson, L., Enell, M. & Berglund, B. E.) 423–454 (Wiley, 1986).101.Juggins, S. rioja: Anlaysis of Quaternary science data. R Doc. 1–58 (2015).102.Team, R. D. C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org (2020).103.Parker, A. An index of weathering for silicate rocks. Geol. Mag. 107, 501–504 (1970).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
104.Nesbitt, H. W. & Young, G. M. Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles. J. Geol. 2, 129–147 (1989).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
105.Piperno, D. R. Phytolith Analysis: An Archaeological and Geological Perspective. (Academic Press, 1988).106.Twiss, P. A Curmudgeon’s view of grass phytolithology. in Phytoliths: Applications in Earth Sciences and Human History (ed. Meunier, J. D.) 7–25 (A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2001).107.Eksambekar, S. Contribution of the Study of Phytoliths to Bioarchaeology. (Deccan College PGRI, 2002).108.Durcan, J., King, E. G. & Duller, G. A. T. DRAC : Dose rate and age calculator for trapped charge dating DRAC : Dose rate and age calculator for trapped charge dating. Quat. Geochronol. 28, 54–61 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
109.Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965–1978 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
110.Kathayat, G. et al. Indian monsoon variability on millennial-orbital timescales. Sci. Rep. 6, 4–10 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
111.Caley, T. et al. New Arabian Sea records help decipher orbital timing of Indo-Asian monsoon. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 308, 433–444 (2011).CAS 
Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
112.Clemens, S. C. & Prell, W. L. A 350,000 year summer-monsoon multi-proxy stack from the Owen Ridge, Northern Arabian Sea. Mar. Geol. 201, 35–51 (2003).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
113.Bolton, C. T. et al. A 500,000 year record of Indian summer monsoon dynamics recorded by eastern equatorial Indian Ocean upper water-column structure. Quat. Sci. Rev. 77, 167–180 (2013).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar  More

1.Schoock, M. Tractatus de turffis ceu cespitibus bituminosis: quo multa, ab aliis hactenus aut neglecta, aut minus diligenter examinata, accuratius aliquanto excutiuntur. [A treatise on peats as bituminous sods] (Cöllen, Groningen, 1658).2.Tanneberger, F. et al. Towards net zero CO2 in 2050: An emission reduction pathway for organic soils in Germany. Mires Peat 27, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2020.SNPG.StA.1951 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Klimkowska, A. et al. Are we restoring functional fens? – The outcomes of restoration projects in fens re-analysed with plant functional traits. PLOS One 14, e0215645, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215645 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Emsens, W.-J. et al. Recovery of fen peatland microbiomes and predicted functional profiles after rewetting. ISME J. 14, 1701–1712, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0639-x (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Lamers, L. P. M. et al. Ecological restoration of rich fens in Europe and North America: from trial and error to an evidence-based approach. Biol. Rev. 90, 182–203, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12102 (2015).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Findorff, J. C. Beiträge und Fragmente zu einem Moorkatechismus/von Jürgen Christian Findorff und Anmerkungen von F. Brüne, K. Lilienthal und F. Overbeck. [Contributions and fragments to a peatland catechism from Jürgen Christian Findorff with remarks from F. Brüne, K. Lilienthal and F. Overbeck] (Stalling, Oldenburg, 1764, published 1937).7.Kirpotin, S. N. et al. Great Vasyugan Mire: How the world’s largest peatland helps addressing the world’s largest problems. Ambio 71, 618, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01520-2 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Scharlemann, J. P. W., Tanner, E. V. J., Hiederer, R. & Kapos, V. Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool. Carbon Manag. 5, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.77 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Xu, J., Morris, P. J., Liu, J. & Holden, J. Hotspots of peatland-derived potable water use identified by global analysis. Nat. Sustain. 1, 246–253, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0064-6 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Joosten, H., Tanneberger, F. & Moen, A. (eds). Mires and peatlands of Europe. Status, distribution and conservation (Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, 2017).11.Bonn, A., Allott, T., Evans, M., Joosten, H. & Stoneman, R. (eds). Peatland restoration and ecosystem services (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016).12.Leifeld, J. & Menichetti, L. The underappreciated potential of peatlands in global climate change mitigation strategies. Nat. Commun. 9, 1071, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03406-6 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Joosten, H. & Clarke, D. Wise use of mires and peatlands. Background and principles including a framework for decision-making (Internat. Mire Conservation Group, Totnes, 2002).14.Günther, A. et al. Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions. Nat. Commun. 11, 1644, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15499-z (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Erkens, G., van der Meulen, M. J. & Middelkoop, H. Double trouble: subsidence and CO2 respiration due to 1,000 years of Dutch coastal peatlands cultivation. Hydrogeol. J. 24, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1380-4 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Tiemeyer, B. & Kahle, P. Nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses from an artificially drained grassland on organic soils. Biogeosciences 11, 4123–4137, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4123-2014 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Minayeva, T., Bragg, O. & Sirin, A. Peatland biodiversity and its restoration. In Peatland restoration and ecosystem services, (eds Bonn, A., Allott, T., Evans, M., Joosten, H. & Stoneman, R.) pp. 44–62 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016).18.Janssen, J. A. M. et al. European red list of habitats (Publications Office of the European Union, 2016).19.Mrotzek, A., Michaelis, D., Günther, A., Wrage-Mönnig, N. & Couwenberg, J. Mass balances of a drained and a rewetted peatland: on former losses and recent gains. Soil Syst. 4, 16, https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010016 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Zerbe, S. et al. Ecosystem service restoration after 10 years of rewetting peatlands in NE Germany. Environ. Manag. 51, 1194–1209, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0048-2 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Leifeld, J., Wüst-Galley, C. & Page, S. Intact and managed peatland soils as a source and sink of GHGs from 1850 to 2100. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 945–947, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0615-5 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
22.IPCC. Global warming of 1.5 °C (IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018).23.Liu, H. & Lennartz, B. Hydraulic properties of peat soils along a bulk density gradient-A meta study. Hydrol. Process 33, 101–114, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13314 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Franz, D., Koebsch, F., Larmanou, E., Augustin, J. & Sachs, T. High net CO2 and CH4 release at a eutrophic shallow lake on a formerly drained fen. Biogeosciences 13, 3051–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3051-2016 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Hemes, K. S., Chamberlain, S. D., Eichelmann, E., Knox, S. H. & Baldocchi, D. D. A biogeochemical compromise: the high methane cost of sequestering carbon in restored wetlands. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 6081–6091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077747 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Zak, D. & Gelbrecht, J. The mobilisation of phosphorus, organic carbon and ammonium in the initial stage of fen rewetting (a case study from NE Germany). Biogeochemistry 85, 141–151, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9122-2 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Emsens, W.-J., Aggenbach, C. J. S., Smolders, A. J. P., Zak, D. & van Diggelen, R. Restoration of endangered fen communities: the ambiguity of iron-phosphorus binding and phosphorus limitation. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 1755–1764, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12915 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Chytrý, M. et al. EUNIS Habitat Classification: Expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats. Appl. Veg. Sci. 23, 648–675, https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12519 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Zak, D. et al. Unraveling the importance of polyphenols for microbial carbon mineralization in rewetted riparian peatlands. Front. Environ. Sci. 7; https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00147 (2019).30.Henneberg, A., Sorrell, B. K. & Brix, H. Internal methane transport through Juncus effusus: experimental manipulation of morphological barriers to test above- and below-ground diffusion limitation. N. Phytol. 196, 799–806, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04303.x (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Agethen, S., Sander, M., Waldemer, C. & Knorr, K.-H. Plant rhizosphere oxidation reduces methane production and emission in rewetted peatlands. Soil Biol. Biochem 125, 125–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.07.006 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Vitt, D. H. Peatlands: ecosystems dominated by bryophytes. In Bryophyte biology, (eds Shaw, A. J. & Goffinet, B.), pp. 312–343 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002).33.Wilson, D. et al. Greenhouse gas emission factors associated with rewetting of organic soils. Mires Peat, 1–28; https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.222 (2016).34.Kotowski, W., Thörig, W., van Diggelen, R. & Wassen, M. J. Competition as a factor structuring species zonation in riparian fens – a transplantation experiment. Appl. Veg. Sci. 9, 231–240, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2006.tb00672.x (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Frantz, D. FORCE—Landsat+ Sentinel-2 Analysis Ready Data and Beyond. Remote Sens. 11, 1124, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091124 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Körner, C., Stöcklin, J., Reuther-Thiébaud, L. & Pelaez-Riedl, S. Small differences in arrival time influence composition and productivity of plant communities. N. Phytol. 177, 698–705, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02287.x (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Fritz, C., Campbell, D. I. & Schipper, L. A. Oscillating peat surface levels in a restiad peatland, New Zealand-magnitude and spatiotemporal variability. Hydrological Process. 22, 3264–3274, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6912 (2008).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Loisel, J. & Yu, Z. Surface vegetation patterning controls carbon accumulation in peatlands. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 5508–5513, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50744 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Koebsch, F. et al. The impact of occasional drought periods on vegetation spread and greenhouse gas exchange in rewetted fens. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 375, 20190685, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0685 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Fenner, N. & Freeman, C. Drought-induced carbon loss in peatlands. Nat. Geosci. 4, 895–900, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1323 (2011).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Hobbs, R. J., Higgs, E. S. & Hall, C. M. Defining novel ecosystems. In Novel Ecosystems. Intervening in the New Ecological World Order (eds Hobbs, R. J., Higgs, E. S. & Hall, C.) 1st ed., Vol. 24, pp. 58–60 (Wiley-Blackwell, s.l., 2013).42.Bonnett, S. A. F., Ross, S., Linstead, C. & Maltby, E. A review of techniques for monitoring the success of peatland restoration. Natural England Commissioned Reports, Number 086 and Natural England Technical Information Note TIN097. http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/46013 (2011).43.Schwieger, S. et al. Wetter is better: Rewetting of minerotrophic peatlands increases plant production and moves them towards carbon sinks in a dry year. Ecosystems 45, 279, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00570-z (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Beyer, F. et al. Drought years in peatland rewetting: rapid vegetation succession can maintain the net CO2 sink function. Biogeosciences 18, 917–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-917-2021 (2021).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Xu, H. Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 27, 3025–3033, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600589179 (2006).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Chytrý, M. et al. European Vegetation Archive (EVA): an integrated database of European vegetation plots. Appl. Veg. Sci. 19, 173–180, https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12191 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Euro+Med 2006+. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. https://www.europlusmed.org. Accessed 25-Feb-2021.48.Hodgetts, N. G. et al. An annotated checklist of bryophytes of Europe, Macaronesia and Cyprus. J. Bryol. 42, 1–116, https://doi.org/10.1080/03736687.2019.1694329 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Jansen, F. & Dengler, J. Plant names in vegetation databases – a neglected source of bias. J. Veg. Sci. 21, 1179–1186, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01209.x (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Dufrene, M. & Legendre, P. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol. Monogr. 67, 345–366 (1997).
Google Scholar 
51.Jurasinski, G. & Kreyling, J. Upward shift of alpine plants increases floristic similarity of mountain summits. J. Veg. Sci. 18, 711–718 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R version 4.0.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL http://www.R-project.org, Vienna, Austria, 2020).53.Tanneberger, F. et al. The peatland map of Europe. Mires Peat, 1–17; https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.264 (2017). More

1.Addison, P. F. et al. Practical solutions for making models indispensable in conservation decision-making. Divers. Distrib. 19, 490–502 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Bosso, L. et al. Nature protection areas of Europe are insufficient to preserve the threatened beetle Rosalia alpina (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): Evidence from species distribution models and conservation gap analysis. Ecol. Entomol. 43, 192–203 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Lentini, P. et al. Using fossil records to inform reintroduction of the kakapo as a refugee species. Biol. Cons. 217, 157–165 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Krasheninnikov, I. M. Analysis of the Southern Urals relict flora in connection with the Pleistocene vegetation history and paleogeography. Sovetskaya Bot. 4, 16–45 (1937) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
5.Gorchakovsky, P. L. & Shurova, E.A. Rare and Endangered Plants of Urals and Cis-Urals 208–209 (Nauka, 1982) (in Russian).6.Gorchakovsky, P.L. The Plant World of the Ural High Mountains 283–285 (Nauka, 1975) (in Russian).7.Red Book of the Chelyabinsk Oblast: Animals, Plants, Fungi. 391 (ed A. V. Lagunov) (2017) (in Russian).8.Red Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Plants and Fungi 227 (ed B. M. Mirkin) (MediaPrint, 2011) (in Russian).9.Damschen, E. I. et al. Endemic plant communities on special soils: Early victims or hardy survivors of climate change?. J. Ecol. 100, 1122–1130 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Spasojevic, M. J., Damschen, E. I. & Harrison, S. Patterns of seed dispersal syndromes on serpentine soils, examining the roles of habitat patchiness, soil infertility and correlated functional traits. Plant Ecol. Divers. 7, 401–410 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Abdullina, L. A. Introduction of some rare medicinal plants in the Ufa Botanical Garden. In: Biodiversity of the Ural’s flora and adjacent territories: Proceedings of the All-Russian Conference with international participation. 319–320 (Goshchitskiy, 2012) (in Russian).12.Rossington, N., Yost, J. & Ritter, M. Water availability influences species distributions on serpentine soils. Madroño 65, 68–79 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Byrne, M. et al. Persistence and stochasticity are key determinants of genetic diversity in plants associated with banded iron formation inselbergs. Biol. Rev. 94, 753–772 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Corlett, R. T. & Tomlinson, K. W. Climate change and edaphic specialists: Irresistible force meets immovable object?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 35, 367–376 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Khotinskii, N. A., Nemkova, V. K. & Surova, T. G. Main stages of Ural vegetation and climate development in Holocene. Archaeol. Issues Urals 16, 145–153 (1982) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
16.Shiyatov, S. G. Experience in using old photographs for studying changes in forest vegetation at its upper limit. Floristic and Geobotanical Studies in the Urals 76–109 (1983) (in Russian).17.Moiseev, P. A., Shiyatov, S. G. & Grigor’yev, A. A. Climatogenic Dynamics of Woody Vegetation at the Upper Limit of Its Distribution on the Bolshoy Taganay Ridge over the Past Century 113–119 (ed V.A. Mukhin) (UrO RAS, 2016) (in Russian).18.Grigor’ev, A. A. et al. The advance of woody and shrub vegetation to the mountains and changes in the composition of tundra communities (Poperechnaya mountain, the Zigalga mountain range in the Southern Urals). J. Sib. Federal Univ. Biol. 11, 218–236 (2018) (in Russian).Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Brecka, A. F., Shahi, C. & Chen, H. Y. Climate change impacts on boreal forest timber supply. For. Policy Econ. 92, 11–21 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Petchey, O. L. et al. The ecological forecast horizon, and examples of its uses and determinants. Ecol. Lett. 18, 597–611 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Jarnevich, C. S. et al. Caveats for correlative species distribution modeling. Ecol. Inform. 29, 6–15 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.fswlyt (2019).23.Knyazev, M. S. Rock flora of river valleys in the Urals. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 103, 695–726 (2018) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
24.Karimova, O. A., Mustafina, A. N. & Golovanov, Y. Age structure of coenopopulations of Patrinia sibirica (Valerianaceae) in South Ural. Plant Resour. 52, 49–65 (2016) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
25.Yates, K. L. et al. Outstanding challenges in the transferability of ecological models. Trends Ecol. Evol. 33, 790–802 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Bamford, A. J. et al. Trade-offs between specificity and regional generality in habitat association models: A case study of two species of African vulture. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 852–860 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Telyatnikov, M. Y. Syntaxonomy of dryas tundra and kobresia cryophytic meadows of the East Sayan. Plant World Asian Russia 1, 48–63 (2014) (in Russian).
Google Scholar 
28.Zibzeyev, E. G. & Nedovesova, T. A. Syntaxa of Dryas tundra of West Sayan mountains. Turczaninowia 17, 38–59 (2014) (in Russian).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Booth, T. H., Nix, H. A., Busby, J. R. & Hutchinson, M. F. Bioclim: The first species distribution modelling package, its early applications and relevance to most current MaxEnt studies. Divers. Distrib. 20, 1–9 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Karger, D. N., Conrad, O. & Böhner, J. Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth’s land surface areas. Sci. Data 4, 1–20 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.McSweeney, C. F. et al. Selecting CMIP5 GCMs for downscaling over multiple regions. Clim. Dyn. 44, 3237–3260 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Sanderson, B. M., Knutti, R. & Caldwell, P. A representative democracy to reduce interdependency in a multimodel ensemble. J. Clim. 28, 5171–5194 (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Hof, A. R. & Allen, A. M. An uncertain future for the endemic Galliformes of the Caucasus. Sci. Total Environ. 651, 725–735 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Gent, P. R. et al. The community climate system model version 4. J. Clim. 24, 4973–4991 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Volodin, E. M., Dianskii, N. A. & Gusev, A. V. Simulating present-day climate with the INMCM4.0 coupled model of the atmospheric and oceanic general circulations. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 46(4), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1134/S000143381004002X (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
36. Bentsen M. et al. The Norwegian Earth System Model NorESM1-M – Part 1: Description and basic evaluation of the physical climate. Geosci. Model Dev. 6(3), 687–720. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-687-2013 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Watanabe S. et al. MIROC-ESM 2010: model description and basic results of CMIP5-20c3m experiments. Geosci. Model. Dev. Discuss. 4(4), 845–872. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-845-2011 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Danielson, J. J., Gesch, D. B. Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010). Garretson: U.S. Geological Survey 26 (2011).39.Poggio, L. et al. SoilGrids 2.0: Producing soil information for the globe with quantified spatial uncertainty. Soil 7, 217–240 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Phillips, S. J., Dudík, M. & Schapire, R. E. Maxent software for modeling species niches and distributions (Version 3.4.1). Available from url: http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/maxent/ (2020).41.Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., Dudík, M., Schapire, R. E. & Blair, M. E. Opening the black box: An open-source release of Maxent. Ecography 40, 887–893 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Dormann, C. F. et al. Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography 36, 27–46 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Di Pasquale, G. et al. Coastal pine-oak glacial refugia in the Mediterranean basin: A biogeographic approach based on charcoal analysis and spatial modelling. Forests 11, 673 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Swets, J. A. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science 240, 1285–1293 (1988).ADS 
MathSciNet 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Ahmed, N. et al. Species Distribution Modelling performance and its implication for Sentinel-2-based prediction of invasive Prosopis juliflora in lower Awash River basin, Ethiopia. Ecol. Process. 10, 1–16 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Bioactive composition analysisThe main bioactive components in the three products are listed in Table 1. The main chemical constitutes of DL and LT were quite similar; although significant differences were noted in indicators such as protein (DL  > LT, difference = 8.22, P  DL, difference = 1.79, P  LT, difference = 4.07, P  0.05) of the samples. Among the bioactive constitutes, only POL contents in LT and DL were significantly lower (P  DR (1.90%). Compared with DL and LT, the DR exhibited significantly higher POL, increased by 50.21% (P  More

1.Raup, D. M. Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications. Science 206, 217–218 (1979).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Stanley, S. M. Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113, E6325–E6334 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Sepkoski, J. J. A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record. Paleobiology 7, 36–53 (1981).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Tozer, E. T. Marine Triassic faunas of North America: Their significance for assessing plate and terrane movements. Geol. Rundschau 71, 1077–1104 (1982).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Hallam, A. Major bio-events in the Triassic and Jurassic. In Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic (ed. Walliser O.H.) 265–283 (Springer, 1996).6.Brayard, A. et al. Good genes and good luck: Ammonoid diversity and the end-Permian mass extinction. Science 325, 1118–1121 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Stanley, S. M. Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 15264–15267 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Chen, Z.-Q. & Benton, M. J. The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat. Geosci. 5, 375–383 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Friesenbichler, E., Hautmann, M., Nützel, A., Urlichs, M. & Bucher, H. Palaeoecology of Late Ladinian (Middle Triassic) benthic faunas from the Schlern/Sciliar and Seiser Alm/Alpe di Siusi area (South Tyrol, Italy). Pal. Z. 93, 1–29 (2019).
Google Scholar 
10.Zhao, X. et al. Recovery of lacustrine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 48, 609–613 (2020).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Friesenbichler, E., Hautmann, M. & Bucher, H. The main stage of recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Taxonomic rediversification and ecologic reorganization of marine level-bottom communities during the Middle Triassic. PeerJ 9, e11654 (2021).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Twitchett, R. J. Incompleteness of the Permian-Triassic fossil record: A consequence of productivity decline?. Geol. J. 36, 341–353 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Foster, W. J. & Twitchett, R. J. Functional diversity of marine ecosystems after the Late Permian mass extinction event. Nat. Geosci. 7, 233–238 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Hu, S. et al. The Luoping biota: exceptional preservation, and new evidence on the Triassic recovery from end-Permian mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. London B 278, 2274–2282 (2011).
Google Scholar 
15.Brayard, A. et al. Unexpected Early Triassic marine ecosystem and the rise of the modern evolutionary fauna. Sci. Adv. 3, e1602159 (2017).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Widmann, P. et al. Dynamics of the largest carbon isotope excursion during the Early Triassic biotic recovery. Front. Earth Sci. 8, 196 (2020).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Brayard, A. et al. The Early Triassic ammonoid recovery: Paleoclimatic significance of diversity gradients. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 239, 374–395 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Jattiot, R. et al. Palaeobiogeographical distribution of Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoid faunas within the western USA basin and its controlling parameters. Palaeontology 61, 881–904 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Orchard, M. J. Conodont diversity and evolution through the latest Permian and Early Triassic upheavals. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 252, 93–117 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Zhang, L. et al. The Smithian/Spathian boundary (late Early Triassic): A review of ammonoid, conodont, and carbon-isotopic criteria. Earth Sci. Rev. 195, 7–36 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Goudemand, N. et al. Dynamic interplay between climate and marine biodiversity upheavals during the Early Triassic Smithian -Spathian biotic crisis. Earth Sci. Rev. 195, 169–178 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Kashiyama, Y. & Oji, T. Low-diversity shallow marine benthic fauna from the Smithian of northeast Japan: Paleoecologic and paleobiogeographic implications. Pal. Res. 8, 199–218 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Hautmann, M. et al. An unusually diverse mollusc fauna from the earliest Triassic of South China and its implications for benthic recovery after the end-Permian biotic crisis. Geobios 44, 71–85 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Hofmann, R. et al. Recovery of benthic marine communities from the end-Permian mass extinction at the low latitudes of eastern Panthalassa. Palaeontology 57, 547–589 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Foster, W. J. et al. Early Triassic benthic invertebrates from the Great Bank of Guizhou, South China: Systematic palaeontology and palaeobiology. Pap. Pal. 5, 613–656 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Hautmann, M. et al. Competition in slow motion: The unusual case of benthic marine communities in the wake of the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeontology 58, 871–901 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Schaeffer, B., Mangus, M. & Laudon, L. R. An Early Triassic fish assemblage from British Columbia. Bull. AMNH. 156, article 5. (1976).28.Tintori, A., Hitij, T., Jiang, D., Lombardo, C. & Sun, Z. Triassic actinopterygian fishes: the recovery after the end-Permian crisis. Integr. Zool. 9, 394–411 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Neuman, A. G. Fishes from the Lower Triassic portion of the Sulphur Mountain Formation in Alberta, Canada: Geological context and taxonomic composition. Can. J. Earth Sci. 52, 557–568 (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Romano, C. et al. Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): Diversity dynamics and body size evolution. Biol. Rev. 91, 106–147 (2016).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
31.Qiu, X. et al. The Early Triassic Jurong fish fauna, South China: Age, anatomy, taphonomy, and global correlation. Glob. Planet. Change 180, 33–50 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Li, Q. & Liu, J. An Early Triassic sauropterygian and associated fauna from South China provide insights into Triassic ecosystem health. Commun. Biol. 3, 63 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Song, H., Wignall, P. B. & Dunhill, A. M. Decoupled taxonomic and ecological recoveries from the Permo-Triassic extinction. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat5091 (2018).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Muscente, A. D. et al. Exceptionally preserved fossil assemblages through geologic time and space. Gondwana Res. 48, 164–188 (2017).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Lucas, S. G., Krainer, K. & Milner, A. R. C. The type section and age of the Timpoweap Member and stratigraphic nomenclature of the Triassic Moenkopi Group in Southwestern Utah. New Mexico Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 40, 109–117 (2007).
Google Scholar 
36.Caravaca, G. et al. Controlling factors for differential subsidence in the Sonoma Foreland Basin (Early Triassic, western USA). Geol. Mag. 155, 1305–1329 (2018).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Brayard, A., Jenks, J. F., Bylund, K. G. & the Paris Biota team. Ammonoids and nautiloids from the earliest Spathian Paris Biota and other early Spathian localities in southeastern Idaho, USA. Geobios 54, 13–36 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Lucas, S. G. & Orchard, M. J. Triassic lithostratigraphiy and biostratigraphy North of Currie, Elko County, Nevada. New Mexico Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 40, 119–126 (2007).
Google Scholar 
39.Guex, J. et al. Spathian (Lower Triassic) ammonoids from western USA (Idaho, California, Utah and Nevada). Mémoires de Géologie (Lausanne) 49, (2010).40.Doguzhaeva, L. et al. An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA: A squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era. Acta Pal. Pol. 63, 341–355 (2018).
Google Scholar 
41.Laville, T., Smith, C. P. A., Forel, M.-B., Brayard, A. & Charbonnier, S. Review of Early Triassic Thylacocephala. Riv. Italiana Pal. Sed. 127, 73–101 (2021).
Google Scholar 
42.Charbonnier, S., Brayard, A. & the Paris Biota team. New thylacocephalans from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA). Geobios 54, 37–43 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Roopnarine, P. Graphs, networks, extinction and paleocommunity food webs. Nat. Prec. https://doi.org/10.1038/npre.2010.4433.1 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Baselga, A. Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 19, 134–143 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Shi, G. R. & Zwan, L.-P. A mixed mid-Permian marine fauna from the Yanji area, northeastern China: A paleobiogeographical reinterpretation. Isl. Arc. 5, 386–395 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Chen, Z.-Q., Tong, J., Liao, Z.-T. & Chen, J. Structural changes of marine communities over the Permian-Triassic transition: Ecologically assessing the end-Permian mass extinction and its aftermath. Glob. Planet. Change 73, 123–140 (2010).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Massare, J. A. & Callaway, J. M. Cymbospondylus (Ichthyosauria: Shastasauridae) from the Lower Triassic Thaynes Formation of southeastern Idaho. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 14, 139–141 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
48.Scheyer, T. M., Romano, C., Jenks, J. & Bucher, H. Early Triassic marine biotic recovery: The predators’ perspective. PLoS ONE 9, e88987 (2014).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
49.Song, H. et al. Recovery tempo and pattern of marine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 39, 739–742 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Brayard, A., Gueriau, P., Thoury, M., Escarguel, G. & the Paris Biota team. Glow in the dark: Use of synchrotron μXRF trace elemental mapping and multispectral macro-imaging on fossils from the Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA). Geobios 54, 71–79 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Iniesto, M., Thomazo, C. & Fara, E. Deciphering the exceptional preservation of the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA). Geobios 54, 81–93 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Sørensen, T. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biol. Skrif. 5, 3–34 (1948).
Google Scholar 
53.Koleff, P., Gaston, K. J. & Lennon, J. J. Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. J. An. Ecol. 72, 367–382 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Romano, C., Kogan, I., Jenks, J., Jerjen, I. & Brinkmann, W. Saurichthys and other fossil fishes from the late Smithian (Early Triassic) of Bear Lake County (Idaho, USA), with a discussion of saurichthyid palaeogeography and evolution. Bull. Geosci. 3, 543–570. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1337 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Horton, J. D. The State Geologic Map Compilation (SGMC) Geodatabase of the conterminous United States: US Geological Survey data release. US Geol. Surv. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7WH2N65 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Kummel, B. The Thaynes Formation, Bear Lake Valley, Idaho. Am. J. Sci. 241, 316–332 (1943).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Kummel, B. Triassic stratigraphy of Southeastern Idaho and adjacent areas. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 254H, 165–194 (1954).
Google Scholar 
58.Brayard, A., Brühwiler, T., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J. Guodunites, a low-palaeolatitude and trans-Panthalassic Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoid genus. Palaeontology 52, 471–481 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Brayard, A. et al. Smithian ammonoid faunas from Utah: implications for Early Triassic biostratigraphy, correlation and basinal paleogeography. Swiss J. Palaeontol. 132, 141–219 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Jenks, J. et al. Ammonoid biostratigraphy of the Early Spathian Columbites parisianus zone (Early Triassic) at Bear Lake Hot Springs Idaho. New Mexico Mus. Natl. Hist. Sci. Bull. 61, 268–283 (2013).
Google Scholar  More