Ecology

Environmental variable quantification along an altitudinal gradientThis study area included 22 sampling sites, and 66 samples, classified into three transects, namely Transect 1 (1047–1587 m), Transect 2 (876–3070 m), and Transect 3 (1602–2110 m). Significant differences in soil properties and plant parameters were observed along the three studied altitudinal transects (P  0.05%, while the remaining bacteria were merged into an “others” class. As shown in Fig. 1B, the proportion of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria at each elevation was 45%, whereas Deltaproteabacteria, Acidobacteria_Subgroup_6, and Gemmatimonadetes were prevalent at low levels in most soil samples. At the genus level (Supplementary Fig. 1), 76 genera were detected in the research areas, with the dominant genera including norank_f_67-14_ o_Solirubrobacterales (5.72%), Rubrobacter (4.35%), Solirubrobacter (2.83%), Pseudonocardia (2.26%) and Bradyrhizobium (2.19%) and less than 0.01% of the bacterial genera were classified into others.Figure 1Bacterial community composition variations at the phylum (A) and class (B) levels in soil samples collected at different levels. These were done in R (v3.3.1, http://www.R-project.org).Full size imageBacterial community composition varies along elevation gradientsWe next sought to analyze the differences in relative bacterial abundance at the phylum level among Transects 1–3 (Fig. 2). Significant differences in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, and Rokubacteria were detected in samples from the different transects (Fig. 2A). The relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes in Transect 1 (48.64% and 1.89%, respectively) was significantly higher than in Transect 2 (38.43% and 1.49%, respectively) and Transect 3 (39.63% and 0.98%, respectively) (P  More

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Up to 1 December 2020, 156 countries had exhibited at least one peak and then decay of cases/capita (of which 36 had experienced a second peak and decay), 151 countries had exhibited at least one peak and then decay of deaths/capita (of which 32 had experienced a second peak and decay), and 93 countries had sufficient testing data to determine at least one peak and then decay of cases/tests (of which 23 had experienced a second peak and decay). Time-series for all countries and the three metrics are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. For resilience, having filtered cases of reasonably exponential decay for further analysis (r2 ≥ 0.8) and included multiple instances of well-fitted recovery occurring in one country in the dataset, we obtain n = 177 decays for cases/capita, n = 159 for deaths/capita, n = 105 for cases/tests. In a few countries a minimum had not yet been reached by 1 December 2020, so the reduction dataset is smaller (cases/capita n = 165, deaths/capita n = 150, cases/tests n = 101).Comparable resilience and reduction of cases and deathsThe relative measures of resilience (rate of decay) and (proportional) reduction of cases should be more reliably estimated than absolute case numbers but could still be biased by variations in testing intensity across time and space. Encouragingly, we find across countries and waves, resilience of cases/capita and cases/tests are strongly positively rank correlated (n = 100, (rho) =0.86, p  More

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